4.4. Harnessing the OEWG’s membership of all 193 UN Member States, the OEWG could: a) seek views and perspectives on existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them (including application of international law, voluntary and non-binding norms of responsible state behaviour, confidence building measures (CBMs) and capacity building); b) recalling that UNGA called on all states to be guided in their use of ICTs by the 2015 UNGGE report (A/RES/70/237; A/70/174), seek an update from the UN Member States on steps taken to implement the 2015 UNGGE report and any barriers to the same; and c) taking into account the digital divide among the UN Member States, consider and make recommendations on how best to facilitate coordinated capacity building to implement the recommendations in the 2015 UNGE report. 4.5. Harnessing the expertise of the UNGGE experts, and recalling that UNGA has called on all states to be guided in their use of ICTs by the 2015 UNGGE report (A/RES/70/237; A/70/174), the UNGGE could: a) develop practical guidance outlining steps states can take to implement the 11 norms of responsible state behaviour as articulated in the 2015 UNGGE report; b) develop practical guidance outlining steps states can take to implement the CBMs as articulated in the 2015 UNGGE report; and c) study further how international law applies to the use of ICT by States, with a view to including findings in the consensus report of the UNGGE, or in national annexes to the same (as provided for in the UNGGE’s mandate; A/C.1/73/L.37). 4.6. Going forward, the practical guidance from the UNGGE report could be drawn upon by states seeking to address gaps in implementation identified in the OEWG process, utilising – as required – the capacity building mechanisms/recommendations identified in the OEWG report. This proposed approach respects the independent and separate mandates of the groups, while also encouraging complementary and mutually reinforcing outcomes. 4.7. Australia also encourages both groups to address gender issues, including the way in which women are differently and uniquely affected by conflict and threats to international peace and security, as well as the link between developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security and the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. In respect to the latter, Australia commends UNIDIR’s recent report into gender balance in arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament diplomacy ‘Still Behind the Curve’, which notes that the UN First Committee has the lowest proportion of female diplomats of any of the UNGA’s Main Committees. Australia will continue to take tangible steps to support the active and effective participation of women in multilateral discussions related to international security and disarmament. 3 esafety.gov.au/parents