Development and functional relationships Key points • Both the cyber and the electromagnetic activities concepts are still maturing; so the adoption and implementation of the cyber and electromagnetic activities (CEMA) concept will benefit from an incremental development approach. • A four level CEMA development approach is proposed. • CEMA roles and responsibilities will evolve, driven by Defence, based on the CEMA vision and strategy. • Realistic training must include security against third parties collecting cyber or electromagnetic environment data on our forces and the challenges of electronic warfare or offensive cyber systems degrading civil systems. • CEMA battlespace execution will require a command and control approach emphasising centralised control, but decentralised execution. 3 • Human factors present the biggest impact to CEMA in terms of enabling or threatening the success of its use. Therefore implementing CEMA successfully relies on embracing cognitive and behavioural change to make CEMA an automatic action, not an additional task. JDN 1/18 37