63 Section 8 INTERNATIONAL ACTION 8.1. Our economic prosperity and social wellbeing increasingly depend on the openness and security of networks that extend beyond our own borders. It is essential that we work closely with international partners to ensure the continuation of a free, open, peaceful and secure cyberspace that delivers these benefits. This will only become more important as the next billion users come online across the globe. 8.2. International cooperation on cyber issues has become an essential part of wider global economic and security debates. It is a rapidly evolving area of policy, without a single agreed international vision. The UK and its allies have been successful in ensuring some elements of the rules-based international system are in place: there has been agreement that international law applies in cyberspace; that human rights apply online as they do offline; and a broad consensus that the multi-stakeholder approach is the best way to manage the complexities of governing the Internet. However, with a growing divide over how to address the common challenge of reconciling national security with individual rights and freedoms, any global consensus remains fragile. “We must work internationally to agree the rules of the road that will ensure the UK’s future security and prosperity in cyberspace.” The Rt. Hon. Boris Johnson, MP, Foreign Secretary Objectives 8.3. The UK aims to safeguard the long-term future of a free, open, peaceful and secure cyberspace, driving economic growth and underpinning the UK’s national security. On this basis, the UK will continue to: champion the multi-stakeholder model of internet governance; oppose data localisation; and work to build the capacity of our partners to improve their own cyber security. In order to reduce the threat to the UK and our interests, much of which originates overseas, we will seek to influence the decision-making of those engaging in cyber crime, cyber espionage, and disruptive or destructive cyber activity and continue to build frameworks to support international cooperation. Our Approach 8.4. To do this we will: • strengthen and embed a common understanding of responsible state behaviour in cyberspace; • build on agreement that international law applies in cyberspace; • continue to promote the agreement of voluntary, non-binding, norms of responsible state behaviour; • support the development and implementation of confidence-building measures; • increase our ability to disrupt and prosecute cyber criminals based abroad, especially in hard-to-reach jurisdictions; • help foster an environment which allows our law enforcement agencies to work together to ensure fewer places exist where cyber criminals can act without fear of investigation and prosecution; • promote the resilience of cyberspace by shaping the technical standards governing emerging technologies National Cyber Security Strategy 2016