A/74/120 existing policies and technological systems. Given these conditions, attacks directed at the Internet of things, Fintech including cryptocurrencies, critical infrastructure, and supply chains have occurred, causing direct financial losses and the interruption of businesses and services in addition to the usual data breach and serving to th reaten the safety and security of the sustainable development of socioeconomic activities and the lives of people. There have also been massive incidents suspected to have been State-sponsored. There is also concern that the credibility of the informatio n infrastructure may be shaken if cyberspace is controlled and managed by the government in some countries from a superior position. It is believed that as cyberspace continues to become further unified with real space, there will be increased concerns over potential attempts to target weaknesses in the Internet of things, supply chains and open innovation, and that unintended behaviour will occur in these systems. This could seriously impact not only governmental bodies and critical infrastructure operators, but also other businesses and even individuals. Adherence to the basic position on cyberspace In order to continue to deter malicious actors ’ activities and guarantee people’s safety and rights, Japan retains, as its options, political, economic, tec hnological, legal, diplomatic and all other viable and effective means. Japan adheres to the five principles for developing and implementing cybersecurity measures, which are: (i) assurance of the free flow of information; (ii) the rule of law; (iii) openn ess; (iv) autonomy; and (v) collaboration among multi-stakeholders. (i) Assurance of the free flow of information For the sustainable development of cyberspace as a place for creation and innovation, it is imperative to build and maintain a world in wh ich transmitted information reaches the intended recipient without being unfairly censored or illegally modified en route. Privacy considerations must also be ensured. As a basic condition for the free flow of information in cyberspace, morality and common sense are requested not to offend rights and interests of others. (ii) The rule of law As the unification of cyberspace and real space progresses, the rule of law should also be maintained in cyberspace in the same way as in real space. Various domestic rules and norms, including domestic laws and regulations, are applied in cyberspace. Similarly, existing international law is also applied in cyberspace. The application of existing international law and the development of norms continue to be essential for the sustainable development of cyberspace as a safe and reliable space. (iii) Openness To achieve the sustainable development of cyberspace as a space to generate new values, cyberspace must be open to all actors without restricting the possibilit ies of linking diverse ideas and knowledge. Japan adheres to the position that cyberspace must not be exclusively dominated by a small group of actors therein. (iv) Autonomy Cyberspace has developed through the autonomous initiatives of mult i stakeholders. It is inappropriate and impossible for a State to take on the entire role of maintaining order for cyberspace to sustainably develop as a space where order and creativity coexist. The only approach to maintain order and deter and address the behaviour of malicious actors is for various social systems to function autonomously. Japan will promote this approach. 19-10580 29/39