60 Section 7 DEVELOP industrial control systems; cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things; smart cities; automated system verification; and the science of cyber security. 7.3.7. We will continue to sponsor UK national PhD students at the Academic Centres of Excellence to increase the number of UK nationals with cyber expertise. 7.3.8. The Government will work with bodies, including Innovate UK and the Research Councils to encourage collaboration between industry, the Government and academia. To support this collaboration we will review best practice concerning security classifications and identify security-cleared experts, including academics. This will ensure that work from the unclassified space to beyond secret can be as collaborative as possible. 7.3.9. The Government will fund a ‘grand challenge’ to identify and provide innovative solutions to some of the most pressing problems in cyber security. CyberInvest, a new industry and Government partnership to support cutting-edge cyber security research and protect the UK in cyberspace, will be part of our approach to building the academic-government-industry partnership. Measuring success 7.3.10. The Government will measure its success in promoting cyber security science and technology by assessing progress towards the following outcomes: • significantly increased numbers of UK companies successfully commercialising academic cyber research and fewer agreed and identified gaps in the UK’s cyber security research capability with effective action to close them; and National Cyber Security Strategy 2016 • the UK is regarded as a global leader in cyber security research and innovation. 7.4. EFFECTIVE HORIZON SCANNING 7.4.1. The Government must ensure that policy-making takes account of the changing cyber, geopolitical and technology landscape. To do this, we need to make effective use of broad horizon scanning and assessment work. We need to invest in proofing ourselves against future threats and anticipate market changes that might affect our cyber resilience in five to ten years’ time. We need horizon scanning programmes that generate recommendations to inform current and future government policy and programme planning. Objective 7.4.2. The Government will ensure that our horizon scanning programmes include a rigorous assessment of cyber risk, and that this is integrated into cyber security and other technology policy development areas, along with all-source assessment and other available evidence. We will join up horizon scanning between national security and other policy areas to ensure a holistic assessment of emerging challenges and opportunities. Our approach 7.4.3. We will: • identify gaps in current work, and coordinate work across disciplinary boundaries to develop a holistic approach to horizon scanning for cyber security; • promote better integration of technical aspects of cyber security with behavioural science; • support rigorous monitoring of the cyber criminal market place to spot new tools and services that might enable technology transfer to hostile states, terrorists or criminals;