A/74/120 Cybersecurity exercises are another important activity for cooperation and preparedness. These kinds of exercises performed at the national and international levels contribute to the strengthening of cyberspace and the testing of measures to be taken against potential cyberthreats. In this context, national cybersecurity exercises were held in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2017 in coordination with the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. With the participation of 19 countries, the international cybershield exercise was completed successfully in Istanbul, with the cooperation of ITU and its International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats, on 15 and 16 May 2014. Turkey regularly participates in and contributes to international exercises on cybersecurity, namely the NATO Cyber Coalition, NATO Locked Shields and NATO Crisis Management Exercise. Since cyberspace is without frontiers, the sources and targets of cyberattacks may be in different countries, including allied countries. A command and control centre can be in one country while its target is in another one. For this reason, information-sharing on cyberattacks and cybercriminals plays a crucial role in fighting against cyberthreats globally. The Convention on Cybercrime, the only binding convention, drawn up by the Council of Europe, was opened for signature in Budapest in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. Turkey signed it in Strasbourg in 2010. The Convention covers various crimes, such as those committed via the Internet and other computer networks, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security, which are now incorporated into the national legislation of Turkey. In addition, the Turkish criminal code covers unauthorized access to information technology systems and unauthorized interference with or interception, modification or destruction of such systems. Persons who are convicted of those crimes are subject to a prison sentence of up to three years or fines. Afterwards, it was approved via the Law on the Approval of Ratification of the Convention on Cybercrime, and the work on adaptation into domestic legislation was finalized by 2016. 19-10580 39/39