A/74/120 security; and second, for the competency to be acquired that will allow administrativ e and technological precautions to be taken to maintain the absolute security of all systems and stakeholders in national cyberspace. Each action in the strategy and action plan has been conducted by the Min istry of Transport and Infrastructure and related bodies, and all the progress for each action has been monitored by the Ministry. Furthermore, the Information and Communication Technologies Authority has been the national Computer Emergency Response Team of Turkey since 2013. It is responsible for all regulatory functions regarding electronic communications and postal services in Turkey. In addition, it has been given the power to take measures necessary to fight against cyberattacks to ensure national cybersecu rity. The Team acts as the coordination centre at the national level, in order to identify threats against the country’s cybersecurity, take measures for reducing or eliminating the impact of likely cyberattacks and share information with defined actors. It provides coordination with all stakeholders, such as public or private institutions and individuals, for the detection and removal of cyberthreats. Its main focus areas in cybersecurity are: • Cybercapacity-building • Technological measures • Gathering and diffusing threat intelligence • Protection of critical infrastructure In capacity-building, activities include human resources, training and preparations. Within the context of these activities, we organize “capture the flag” competitions on cybersecurity. We believe that human resources are one of the most important factors in cybersecurity. Within the context of the national Computer Emergency Response Team, we carry out key projects for capacity -building. In this respect, we organize cybersecurity training for institutional Computer Emergency Response Teams from various critical sectors, such as energy, health and public institutions. We also conduct hands -on training and competitions for students and graduates. In the past two years, over 2,500 trainees have attended our cybersecurity training programmes. We have also established a cyberrange laboratory in order to improve our training programmes and provide more opportunities for hands -on activities. The laboratory is also beneficial for measuring the expertise level and provides a certification programme for attendees. Our studies relating to technological measures involve early detection, alarms and warning activities. For this purpose, we have developed some detection and prevention systems. These systems play a huge role in increasing the level of national cybersecurity in the country by providing visibility and detecting the command and control centres of botnets and malicious software. In the scope of Turkey’s approach to enhancing cybersecurity, cyberthreat intelligence is another main focus area to be underlined. Within this context, we work in coordination with several parties, such as Internet actors, international organizations, judicial authorities, research centres and private companies. In addition, sectoral Computer Emergency Response Teams for critical infrastructure and more than 1,000 institutional Computer Emergency Response Teams have been established under public and private institutions. Furthermore, since cyberspace is a borderless field, it is hard for a party to ensure its cybersecurity on its own. It is a multi-stakeholder and interdisciplinary 36/39 19-10580