We welcome the importance the report gives to the need to narrow the “gender digital divide” and of promoting effective and meaningful participation and leadership of women in multilateral processes such as the OEWG. We believe that the gender dimension of cyber security, including the need for more gender-related data to address the gender impacts of cyber security policies and capacity building efforts, should be mainstreamed throughout the report. We welcome reference to a multi-stakeholder approach in the report and the usefulness of the intersessional informal consultations. These references highlight the importance of a multistakeholder approach to the ICT environment. Switzerland would like to suggest integrating this understanding throughout the report, including by highlighting that non-state actors have an essential role to play in contributing to building trust and confidence in the use of ICTs, as well as in supporting implementation of the framework of responsible behavior of States in cyberspace. Also, involvement and meaningful participation of non-state actors should be maintained and formalized for future institutional dialogue and this should be reflected in the report. The proposed conclusions and recommendations also reflect, in our view, the discussions in our group and provide a good basis for further deliberation. The majority of the proposed recommendations address various concerns expressed over the course of our work to date. At the same time, we identified room for further clarification and sharpening of the conclusions and recommendations. II. Detailed remarks A. Introduction Paras. 1, 3, 8 Switzerland agrees that the report of the OEWG be situated in the broader perspective and purpose of the United Nations. It has long been acknowledged that the three pillars of the UN – human rights, sustainable development and peace and security – are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. We believe that this “cross-pillar” approach to the prevention of conflict and the maintenance of international peace and security could be brought out more strongly. Para. 3 Switzerland agrees with expanding on the dual-use nature of ICTs in the introductory section of the report. At the same time and in line with the discussions at the OEWG, this paragraph could focus more clearly on the existing agreement that States engage for a peaceful cyberspace and peaceful use of ICTs. Para. 12 Switzerland welcomes the remarks made in this paragraph. B. Existing and Potential Threats In line with the guiding question for the second OEWG session relating to the assessment of existing and emerging threats as outlined in the GGE reports of 2010, 2013 and 2015, Switzerland believes that it would be important to reflect that this assessment remains valid. Also, we agree with the assessment that increasing connectivity and reliance on ICTs may bring unintended risks, as well as unintended consequences and unintended harmful effects. Para. 14 We believe it is important to specify that not only the possession by non-state actors of ICT capabilities previously limited to States is of concern, but also the possibility that these ICT capabilities could be used for malicious purposes by these actors. 2

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