2892 Promote the advanced technical training on cyberspace security in universities and polytechnics to meet the national needs of professionals in the sector; Value the inclusion of a conscious and responsible behaviour regarding the use of technology as an integral and transversal part of the current academic and professional training; Promote specialized training and sensitize decision makers, public managers and operators of critical infrastructures and entities that provide essential services to society, with a view to raising awareness and prevention of the need to safeguard the interests and critical national information; Value professionals in the field of cyberspace security, increasing the number of specialists, qualifying professionals and involving the various actors from all society; Ensure a high level of quality of cybersecurity training and requalification courses, obtained through the certification of this framework; Create retention mechanisms in national human resources entities qualified in cyberspace security; Organize and conduct exercises to assess the preparedness and maturity of the various entities to deal with incidents with relevant impact, enhancing synergies. Additionally, participate in exercises of international scope; Take advantage of national and international military and police education and training structures, in particular by taking advantage of the opportunity in Portugal to build specific teaching structures of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union and associated initiatives to deepen the knowledge related to cyberspace and contributing to the awareness and prevention of its use; Promote specific awareness programs with public and private institutions that strengthen the behavioural aspect of security in the digital environment, based on the sharing of specialized knowledge about threat agents and their modes of action; Sensitize national entities to their specific vulnerabilities that could be infiltrated, exploited or subverted in the digital field by various threat agents. Axis 3 — Cyberspace Protection: The security of cyberspace is an integral part of national security and is essential for the regular functioning of the state, the economic development and innovation, as well as for citizens' confidence in the digital market and cyberspace. Thus, for this axis, the following lines of action shall be adopted: Identify and reinforce the knowledge on the critical information infrastructures, following the profound change and dynamics of the national and international cyberspace security legal framework; Promote the continuous development of the capabilities and maturity of national entities for the prevention, detection, response and recovery from adverse cyberspace security scenarios that may impact their network and information systems and ecosystem that characterize them, building the mutual trust, the sharing of information and knowledge, and the quick and effective cooperation; Promote national and sectoral cyberspace protection cooperation structures, including from the public sector at central, regional and local levels, and also from the private sector, including small and medium-sized enterprises, for Portuguese Official Journal, Series 1 — No. 108 — 5 June, 2019 information sharing and the promotion of mutual collaboration in the protection of common interests; Ensure the application of mechanisms and incentives to enable the development of national and international cyberspace security management frameworks and their adoption by national authorities with responsibilities for critical infrastructures and essential services; Maximize the security and defence of the Armed Forces and National Defence information networks and systems with a view to maintaining operational capability in cyberspace through the capability of defensive cyber defence. Axis 4 — crime: Response to threats and combating cyber- In the area of post-incident response, according to the characteristics of cyber-attacks, in addition to the criminal authorities and the entities that make up the Internal Security System, other entities that, because of their attributions, detain information, including their own, or resulting from national and international cooperation relevant to the attribution of authorship or supporting the criminal investigation itself, shall intervene. The national security of cyberspace is also based on its ability to build deterrent mechanisms. The achievement of such a goal involves training cyberspace security authorities in defensive and response mechanisms so that any unlawful action against cyberspace in the national interest will be the object of an appropriate action. Thus, the indispensable existence of mechanisms for the threat identification, analysis, assessment and disruption make it imperative to reinforce the means of threat identification and appropriate response through the strengthening of national cyberspace security structures. Also, cyberspace has led to the creation of new patterns of human behaviour and action for the benefit of society, as well as new threat typologies and crimes that need a timely, coherent, participatory and collaborative response, where it is important to protect legally established property and the rights of citizens. Furthermore, in addition to opening the way for the practice of new types of crime, it has also given rise to an enabling environment for old crimes to develop with new, farreaching offensive methods and actions detrimental to the national interest. It is also important to highlight that cyberspace threats are characterized by their transversality, rapid network propagation, anonymity and persistence. Considering this threat typology, only one network response will enhance and strengthen the effort and capacity of the entire community involved in risk mitigation, minimizing or preventing the respective impacts and ensuring a high common level of security in the cyberspace of national interest. The challenges posed by the prevention and investigation of these phenomena imply a careful and permanent observation, which allows, to prepare for timely legal developments and, to adapt the capacity of public and private entities to respond to threats that undermine the operational continuity and the fight against cyber-crime. Likewise, these challenges require institutions to make a permanent effort to equip and to enable them to fully fulfil their missions. It is therefore important that the threat response systems, such as the police and the judiciary systems, in coordinated effort, adapt to the ways in which threats are responded to and investigated through the