5. National cyberspace infrastructure means the system of technical and material facilities in order to [which] create, transmit, collect, process, archive and exchange information in national cyberspace comprising: (a) Transmission systems comprising the national transmission system, internationally connected transmission systems, satellite systems and transmission systems of enterprises providing services on telecom networks and on the Internet and other added value services in cyberspace; (b) Core service systems comprising the national information flow and navigation system, the national domain name resolution system (DNS), the national authentication system [public key infrastructure system] (PKI/CA), service supply systems for Internet connection and access of service providers on telecom networks, the Internet and [providers of] other added value services in cyberspace; (c) IT services and applications comprising online services; and IT applications with network connection serving management and operation by agencies, organizations and important financial and economic groups; and the national database. Online services comprise e-government, e-commerce, websites, online forums, social networking and blogs; (d) IT infrastructure of smart cities2, the internet of things, complex virtual reality systems, cloud computing, large data systems, fast data systems and artificial intelligence systems. 6. International network gateway means the place where transmission and reception of network signals takes place between Vietnam and other countries and territories. 7. Cybercrime means activities of using cyberspace, IT or e-facilities to commit a crime as regulated [defined] in the Criminal Code. 8. Cyberattack means an act of using cyberspace, IT or e-facilities to destroy [hack] and/or interrupt the operation of telecom networks, the Internet, computer networks, information systems, information processing and control systems, and databases or e-facilities of agencies, organizations and individuals. 9. Cyberterrorism means using cyberspace, IT or e-facilities to commit an act of terrorism or terrorist financing. 10. Cyberespionage means a deliberate act of bypassing a warning, access code, other code or firewall or using the administration right of another person or other means to unlawfully appropriate or collect information or information resources on a telecom network, the Internet, a computer network, an information system, an information processing and control system, a database or e-facility of an agency, organization or individual. www.economica.vn Unofficial Translation. For Reference only 2