against cybercrime or the Budapest Convention does not have universal application and was not negotiated within the United Nations. This situation calls for the implementation of specific regulations complementary to international law aimed, among others, at the following equally important elements: (a) Preventing the application of unilateral measures and measures against states measures that hinder universal access to the benefits offered by ICTs. (b) Mitigating the malignant effects of attribution in the face of cyber-attacks; (c) Preventing the militarization of cyberspace; (d) Protecting citizens' private data more effectively by promoting international regulations in this respect; (e) Complementing legislation on cyberterrorism in order to face cybersecurity incidents and problems, such as cyberattacks. (f) Define by consensus what is understood by a cyberattack; g) Operationalizing the application, with greater objectivity, of the principles of international law in this area. CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES, TRANSPARENCY AND CAPACITY-BUILDING Confidence-building, transparency and capacity-building measures are applicable and desirable, because they make an important contribution to the peaceful resolution of conflicts and make cooperation among States possible. Nevertheless, it is very important to draw up and implement