Defense of Japan 2020 Special Feature Digest Ⅰ Part Table of Contents 1 Defense Chronology …………………………………………………………… 001 Special Feature 2 New Domains ………………………………………………………………………… 011 Special Feature 3 50 Years of the Defense of Japan ………………………………… 013 Special Feature The content of Part I to Part IV of the main text is summarized in 24 pages. ……………………………………………………………… 015 Chapter 1 Overview Section 6 Maritime Trends …………………………………………………… 186 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Section 7 Transfer and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) ……………………………………………………………… 191 Section 1 The United States …………………………………………………… 45 1 Security and Defense Policies………………………………………………… 45 2 Military Posture ……………………………………………………………… 53 Section 2 China ………………………………………………………………… 56 1 General Situation …………………………………………………………… 56 2 Military Affairs ……………………………………………………………… 57 3 Relations with Countries and Regions ………………………………………… 80 4 Military Capabilities of Taiwan ……………………………………………… 86 Section 3 Korean Peninsula …………………………………………………… 90 1 North Korea ………………………………………………………………… 91 2 The ROK and the U.S. Forces Korea…………………………………………… 109 Section 4 Russia ………………………………………………………………… 113 1 General Situation …………………………………………………………… 113 2 Security and Defense Policies………………………………………………… 114 3 Military Posture and Trends ………………………………………………… 115 4 Russian Forces in the Vicinity of Japan ……………………………………… 120 5 Russian Forces in Japan’s Northern Territories………………………………… 122 6 Relations with Other Countries ……………………………………………… 123 Section 5 Oceania ……………………………………………………………… 129 1 Australia …………………………………………………………………… 129 2 New Zealand ………………………………………………………………… 132 Section 6 Southeast Asia ……………………………………………………… 134 1. General Situation …………………………………………………………… 134 2. Security and Defense Policies of Each Country ……………………………… 134 3 Military Modernization in the Region ………………………………………… 139 4 Intra-and Extra-Regional Cooperation ………………………………………… 140 Section 7 South Asia …………………………………………………………… 142 1 India ………………………………………………………………………… 142 2 Pakistan …………………………………………………………………… 144 3 Disputes over the Sovereignty of Kashmir …………………………………… 145 Section 8 Europe ………………………………………………………………… 146 1 General Situation …………………………………………………………… 146 2 Enhancement of Multinational Security Frameworks ………………………… 146 3 Security/Defense Policies of European Countries ……………………………… 149 Section 9 Middle East, North Africa, and Other Regions ………………… 153 1 Overview …………………………………………………………………… 153 2 Situation in the Gulf Region ………………………………………………… 153 3 The Situation Surrounding Middle East Peace ………………………………… 156 4 Situation in Syria …………………………………………………………… 156 5 Situation in Yemen …………………………………………………………… 157 6 Situation in Libya …………………………………………………………… 158 7 Situation in Egypt …………………………………………………………… 159 8 Situation in Afghanistan ……………………………………………………… 159 9 Situation in South Sudan …………………………………………………… 160 10 Situation in Somalia ………………………………………………………… 161 Chapter 3 Trends Concerning New Domains including Outer Space, Cyberspace, and Electromagnetic Spectrum, and Relevant Challenges Facing the International Community Section 1 Trends Concerning Military Science and Technology ………… 163 1 Military Science and Technological Trends …………………………………… 163 2 Trends Concerning Defense Technological and Industrial Bases ……………… 167 Section 2 Trends in Space Domain …………………………………………… 169 1 Space Domain and Security ………………………………………………… 169 2 Various Countries’ Outer Space Initiatives …………………………………… 170 Section 3 Trends in Cyber Domain …………………………………………… 174 1 Cyberspace and Security …………………………………………………… 174 2 Threats in Cyberspace ……………………………………………………… 174 3 Initiatives against Cyberspace Threats ……………………………………… 177 Section 4 Trends in Electromagnetic Domain ……………………………… 180 1. Electromagnetic Domain and Security ……………………………………… 180 2 Each Country’s Electronic Warfare Initiatives ………………………………… 181 Section 5 Developments regarding the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) …………………………………………………………… 183 1 Nuclear Weapons …………………………………………………………… 191 2 Biological and Chemical Weapons …………………………………………… 192 3 Ballistic Missiles and Other Missiles ………………………………………… 193 4 Growing Concerns about Transfer and Proliferation of WMDs and Other Technologies … 193 Section 8 Trends in International Terrorism ………………………………… 195 1 General Situation …………………………………………………………… 195 2 Trends in ISIL-related International Terrorist Organizations …………………… 195 3 Movements of International Terrorist Organizations Other Than ISIL-Affiliated Groups … 197 Ⅱ Part Japan’s Security and Defense Policy Security Environment Surrounding Japan 1 Trends Related to the “Principle of the Freedom of the High Seas” …………… 186 2 National Maritime Security Initiatives ………………………………………… 187 3 Trends in the Arctic Ocean …………………………………………………… 189 1. Current Trends in Security Environment ……………………………………… 41 2. Regional Security Environment Surrounding Japan …………………………… 42 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Japan’s Security and Defense Section 1 Measures to Ensure Japan’s Security …………………………… 199 Section 2 Constitution and the Basis of Defense Policy…………………… 200 1 Constitution and the Right of Self-Defense …………………………………… 200 2 The Government’s View on Article 9 of the Constitution ……………………… 200 3 Basic Policy ………………………………………………………………… 202 Chapter 2 Organizations Responsible for Japan’s Security and Defense Section 1 National Security Council ………………………………………… 204 Section 2 Organization of the MOD/Self-Defense Forces (SDF) ………… 205 1 Organizational Structure Supporting Defense Capability ……………………… 205 2 Joint Operations System of the SDF ………………………………………… 211 Chapter 3 Japan’s Security and Defense Policy Section 1 Outline of the National Security Strategy (NSS)………………… 213 1. Japan’s National Security Policy Framework ………………………………… 213 2. Outline of the NSS: Proactive Contribution to Peace…………………………… 213 Section 2 Outline of NDPG ……………………………………………………… 215 1 Basic Approach—Building a Multi-Domain Defense Force …………………… 215 2 Japan’s Basic Defense Policy ………………………………………………… 216 3 Priorities in Strengthening Defense Capability ………………………………… 217 4 Organization of the SDF ……………………………………………………… 217 5 Elements Supporting Defense Capability ……………………………………… 220 Section 3 Outline of the MTDP (FY2019–FY2023) ………………………… 221 1 Program Guidelines ………………………………………………………… 221 2 Quantities of Major Procurement …………………………………………… 222 3 Expenditures ………………………………………………………………… 222 Chapter 4 Build-up of Defense Capability, etc. Section 1 Build-Up of Defense Capability in FY2020 ……………………… 224 Section 2 Defense-Related Expenditures …………………………………… 226 1 Overview of Defense-Related Expenditures …………………………………… 226 2 Breakdown of Defense-Related Expenditures ………………………………… 226 3 Initiatives for Increasing the Efficiency of Procurement………………………… 229 4 Comparison with Other Countries …………………………………………… 229 Chapter 5 Development of Legislation for Peace and Security and the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) Activities since Legislation’s Enforcement Section 1 Framework for Activities of the SDF and Others ……………… 231 1 Responses to Armed Attack Situations, etc., and Survival-Threatening Situations … 231 2 Responses to Situations that Will Have an Important Influence ………………… 233 3 Maintenance of Public Order and Responses to Aggression that Do Not Amount to an Armed Attack ……………………………………………………………… 234 4 Disaster Relief Dispatches and Others………………………………………… 236 5 Framework for Contributing to the Peace and Stability of the International Community … 236 Section 2 SDF Activities since Enforcement of Legislation for Peace and Security ……………………………………………………………… 239 1 Promotion of Various Preparations for New Missions Based on the Legislation for Peace and Security … 239 2 Dispatch of Staff Officers to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) ……… 239 3 The Operationalization of the Protection of Weapons and Other Equipment of the Units of the Armed Forces of the United States and Other Countries (SDF Law Article 95-2) ……… 240 4 Conclusion of the New Japan-U.S. Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) … 241 5 Assignment of New Mission for the South Sudan PKO ………………………… 241 ■ Reference …………………………… 472 ■ Defense Chronology ……………… 564