D E F E N S E O F J A PA N 2 0 2 0 Ⅲ Part Chapter 1 Japan’s Own Architecture for National Defense Section 1 Response from Peacetime to Grey Zone Situations……………… 243 Section 3 R  esponses in the Domains of Space, Cyberspace and Electromagnetic Spectrum…………………………………………… 266 1 Responses in Space Domain…………………………………………………… 266 2 Response in Cyber Domain…………………………………………………… 270 3 Response in Electromagnetic Domain…………………………………………… 273 Section 4 E fforts of the MOD/SDF in response to the Spread of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)…………………………………… 275 1 Dispatching Nursing Officers to the Chartered Airplane Leaving Wuhan…………… 275 2 Disaster Relief in Response to COVID-19………………………………………… 275 3 Activities at the SDF Hospital, etc.……………………………………………… 277 4 Activities for Sending Out and Sharing of Information at Home and Abroad……… 280 5 Efforts of the MOD/SDF to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19 Infection…………… 281 6 Other Efforts…………………………………………………………………… 281 Section 5 Response to Large-Scale Disasters, etc.…………………………… 282 1 Response to Large-Scale Disasters, etc.………………………………………… 282 2 Response to Rescue and Transport of Japanese Nationals Overseas, etc.………… 291 Section 6 Information Gathering Activities for Ensuring the Safety of Japan-related Vessels in the Middle East………………………… 292 1 Background of the Deployment of the SDF to the Middle East…………………… 292 2 Outline of the Government’s Efforts to Ensure the Safety of Japan-Related Vessels in the Middle East (Cabinet Decision)……………………………………………… 293 3 Communication and Cooperation with Relevant Countries……………………… 297 Chapter 2 Japan-U.S. Alliance Section 1 Outline of the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements………………… 299 1 Significance of the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements…………………………… 299 2 Background to the Strengthening of the Alliance………………………………… 301 3 Content of the Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation…………………… 302 4 Policy Consultations between Japan and the United States……………………… 306 Section 2 S trengthening Ability of Japan-U.S. Alliance to Deter and Counter Threats…… 309 1 Cooperation in Space and Cyber Domains……………………………………… 309 2 Comprehensive Air and Missile Defense………………………………………… 310 3 Bilateral Training and Exercises………………………………………………… 310 4 ISR Activities…………………………………………………………………… 312 5 Maritime Security……………………………………………………………… 312 6 Logistics Support……………………………………………………………… 312 7 Cooperation in Response to a Large-Scale Disaster in Japan…………………… 313 Section 3 S  trengthening and Expanding Cooperation in a Wide Range of Areas…………………………………………………………………… 314 1 Creation of a Desirable Security Environment…………………………………… 314 2 Initiatives for Leveraging Capabilities…………………………………………… 315 Section 4 Steady Implementation of Measures Concerning the USFJ…… 317 1 Stationing of the USFJ………………………………………………………… 317 2 Progress of the Realignment of the USFJ……………………………………… 319 3 Stationing of the U.S. Forces in Okinawa………………………………………… 320 4 Stationing of the U.S. Forces in Regions Other than Okinawa…………………… 334 5 Initiatives for Smooth Implementation of the Realignment of the USFJ…………… 340 Chapter 3 Security Cooperation Section 1 S  trategic Promotion of Multi-Faceted and Multi-Layered Defense Cooperation…………………………………………………………… 341 1 Significance and Evolution of Security Cooperation and Dialogue, and Defense Cooperation and Exchanges etc.…………………………………………… 341 2 Promotion of Defense Cooperation and Exchanges……………………………… 346 3 Promotion of Multilateral Security Cooperation………………………………… 373 4 Proactive and Strategic Initiatives for Capacity Building………………………… 380 Section 2 Ensuring Maritime Security………………………………………… 383 1 Initiatives towards Ensuring Maritime Security………………………………… 383 2 Counter-Piracy Operations……………………………………………………… 383 3 Training-Centered Initiatives…………………………………………………… 387 4 Cooperation in Maritime Security……………………………………………… 387 Section 3 Cooperation in Use of Space and Cyber Domains………………… 388 1 Cooperation in the Use of Space Domain………………………………………… 388 2 Cooperation in the Use of Cyber Domain………………………………………… 388 Section 4 Initiatives for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation…… 390 1 Initiatives Focused on Treaties Relating to Arms Control, Disarmament, and Non-Proliferation…… 390 2 International Initiatives Aimed at Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction…… 391 Section 5 Efforts to Support International Peace Cooperation Activities…… 393 1 Frameworks for International Peace Cooperation Activities……………………… 393 2 Initiatives to Support UN PKO, etc.……………………………………………… 394 3 International Disaster Relief Activities…………………………………………… 399 Core Elements Comprising Defense Capability, etc. Three Pillars of Japan’s Defense (Means to Achieve the Objectives of Defense) 1 Persistent ISR in the Area Surrounding Japan…………………………………… 244 2 Measures against Violation of Japan’s Sovereignty……………………………… 247 Section 2 Defense of Japan including its Remote Islands………………… 252 1 Defense of Japan’s Remote Islands…………………………………………… 252 2 Response to Missile Attacks…………………………………………………… 255 3 Response to Attacks by Guerillas, Special Operations Forces and Others………… 261 4 Readiness against Invasion…………………………………………………… 264 5 Initiatives Related to the Protection of Civilians………………………………… 265 Ⅳ Part Chapter 1 Human Resource Base that Sustains the Defense Capability Section 1 Reinforcing Human Resource Base………………………………… 403 1 Recruitment and Employment………………………………………………… 403 2 Daily Education and Training…………………………………………………… 408 3 Measures Aimed at Ensuring Effective Use of Human Resources………………… 408 Section 2 Further Promotion of Work-Life Balance and Women’s Participation…………………………………………………………… 416 1 Working Style Reform………………………………………………………… 416 2 Reform to Combine a Successful Career with Childrearing and Nursing Care……… 417 3 Reform for Promoting the Careers of Female Personnel………………………… 418 Chapter 2 Measures on Defense Equipment and Technology Section 1 Reviewing Equipment Structure…………………………………… 422 1 Initiatives for Construction of Optimized Equipment Structure…………………… 422 2 Initiatives to Make the Most of Limited Human Resources (Manpower Saving and Automation)…………………………………………………………………… 423 Section 2 Reinforcing Technology Base………………………………………… 424 1 Necessity of Reinforcing Technology Base……………………………………… 424 2 Defense Technology Strategy and Related Documents…………………………… 424 3 Initiatives for Research and Development……………………………………… 426 4 Active Utilization of Civilian Technology………………………………………… 427 Section 3 Optimizing Equipment Procurement……………………………… 430 1 Project Management throughout Equipment Life Cycle…………………………… 430 2 Improving the Contract System and Other Related Matters……………………… 431 3 Initiatives Aimed at Increasing the Efficiency of Procurement, and Other Related Initiatives……………………………………………………………………… 433 4 Promoting Initiative towards Streamlining of Foreign Military Sales (FMS) Procurement…………………………………………………………………… 434 Section 4 Strengthening Defense Industrial Base…………………………… 435 1 Current Situation of Japan’s Defense Industrial Base…………………………… 435 2 The Strategy on Defense Production and Technological Bases…………………… 436 3 Initiatives toward Strengthening of Defense Industrial Base……………………… 437 Section 5 Defense Equipment and Technology Cooperation………………… 440 1 Three Principles on Transfer of Defense Equipment and Technology……………… 440 2 Deepening Relationships with the United States regarding Defense Equipment and Technology Cooperation………………………………………………………… 441 3 Building New Defense Equipment and Technology Cooperation………………… 442 4 Adapting Defense Equipment for External Use…………………………………… 446 5 Participation in International Defense Equipment Exhibitions…………………… 446 6 Public-Private Collaboration for Appropriate Overseas Transfer of Defense Equipment……… 447 7 Preventing Leakage of Key Technologies for Defense Equipment………………… 447 Chapter 3 Enhancing Intelligence Capabilities 1 Military Intelligence Collection………………………………………………… 448 2 Initiatives towards Enhancing Intelligence Capabilities…………………………… 450 3 Defense Intelligence Headquarters……………………………………………… 450 Chapter 4 Elements that Sustain Defense Capability Section 1 SDF Training…………………………………………………………… 451 1 Training and Exercise by Each Self-Defense Forces (SDF)………………………… 451 2 Training Environment…………………………………………………………… 451 3 Initiatives to Safety Management, etc.…………………………………………… 452 Section 2 Enhancement of Medical Functions………………………………… 453 1 Enhancing Seamless Medical Care and Evacuation Posture……………………… 453 2 SDF Hospitals Serving as Hub Hospitals with Enhanced Functions……………… 453 3 Strengthening the Function of the NDMC……………………………………… 454 4 Enhancement of Education of Medical and Nursing Officers……………………… 455 5 Enhancement of Capabilities to Treat War Injury………………………………… 455 6 Developing Conditions Necessary for International Cooperation………………… 456 Chapter 5 Interaction with Local Communities and Japanese Citizens Section 1 Collaboration with Local Communities…………………………… 457 1 Supporting Civilian Life………………………………………………………… 457 2 Cooperation from Local Governments and Other Relevant Organizations for the SDF……… 457 3 Activities for Securing Understanding and Cooperation of Municipal Governments and Local Residents…………………………………………………………… 458 4 Measures to Promote Harmony between Defense Facilities and Surrounding Areas…… 458 5 Participation in National Events………………………………………………… 463 6 Activities for Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games……………………………… 464 7 Other Initiatives………………………………………………………………… 466 Section 2 P  ublic Relations Activities, Public Records and Archives Management, Information Disclosure, and Related Activities…… 468 1 Various Public Relations Activities……………………………………………… 468 2 Initiatives for Public Document Management and Information Disclosure………… 471 3 Initiatives for Policy Evaluation………………………………………………… 471