Outcomes: New technologies resulting from Department-supported research and development increase the capability to protect critical systems, investigate cyber crimes, respond to cyber incidents, and accomplish identified DHS cybersecurity objectives. Objective 6.3: Expand international collaboration to advance DHS objectives and promote an open, interoperable, secure, and reliable Internet. DHS international cybersecurity engagements must help shape the cyber ecosystem to support the Department’s cybersecurity objectives and broader U.S. foreign policy priorities. DHS develops and maintains relationships with international partners that advance our specific network protection, law enforcement, incident response, and research and development objectives. DHS also participates in international fora to support risk management objectives and broader cybersecurity goals, including the U.S. goal of an open, interoperable, secure, and reliable Internet. For example, DHS encourages widespread adoption of voluntary norms of responsible state behavior in peacetime to improve international stability and protect critical infrastructure. DHS also supports broader U.S. and international efforts to deter those who act unacceptably in cyberspace and impose costs on those actors. Developing the capacity of foreign Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) and law enforcement entities also enhances global cybersecurity efforts and supports broader DHS and U.S. foreign policy objectives. Sub-Objectives: a. Prioritize international engagements based on DHS and national objectives. b. Improve international cooperation and build capacity through the sharing of best practices, cybersecurity information, expertise, and technical assistance. c. Contribute cybersecurity subject matter expertise to advance efforts in international fora and advance positive international policy developments in cybersecurity. d. Support efforts to impose costs for unacceptable behavior in cyberspace. Outcomes: DHS international engagements result in shared global approaches to cybersecurity and increased capabilities and cooperation on cybersecurity risk management activities. Objective 6.4: Improve recruitment, education, training, and retention to develop a world-class cyber workforce. There is a critical shortage of cybersecurity talent globally, as the demand for personnel with cyber expertise in both the public and private sectors far exceeds the supply. Execution of our cybersecurity responsibilities depends on the recruitment and retention of highly skilled cyber professionals, but career paths in cybersecurity are far more lucrative in the private sector and traditional federal hiring processes are not aligned to the culture of cyber recruitment and hiring. The challenge is not ours alone. Key stakeholders across government and in the private sector face similar shortfalls. 24