A/77/92 Cyber Policy Portal in the near future. Australia commends the national survey to all States and encourages States to consider also making their self -assessments publicly available. Surveying implementation of United Nations recommendations provides several benefits. Namely, States can identify how they have implemented the framework, where gaps in implementation might exist and any barriers to implementation. This in turn is likely to assist in developing targeted cooperation and capacity-building programmes, which might be appropriate to overcome any gaps in capacity and/or barriers to implementation identified. International law Australia encourages all States to continue to study and be transparent about their positions on how international law applies to State behaviour in cyber space. We reiterate that, even where views differ, developing understandings of each other’s positions on how international law applies in cyberspace increases predictability and reduces the risk of miscalculation, which can lead to escalation in States’ c onduct. Australia further reiterates that international law is most effective when States implement and adhere to their international legal obligations and, where necessary, cooperate to uphold international law and ensure accountability for violations. Australia welcomed the conclusions contained in the 2021 report of the Group of Governmental Experts (A/76/135) that international humanitarian law applies to cyberactivities in situations of armed conflict. The position of Australia on how international law applies to State conduct in cyberspace is presented in a series of documents: • Australia’s 2021 submission contained in the official compendium of voluntary national contributions on the subject of how international law applies to the use of information and communications technologies by States submitted by participating governmental experts in the Group of Governmental Experts (A/76/136); • 2021 international cyber and critical technology engagement strategy; • 2020 case studies on the application of international law in cyberspace (submitted to the Open-ended Working Group on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security); • 2019 International Law Supplement; • 2017 international cyberengagement strategy. Further to the engagement of Australia in United Nations processes on how international law applies in cyberspace, Australia also endeavours to engage in such discussions in regional forums. In this regard, Australia delivered a statement at the fifty-ninth session of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization on international law in cyberspace in late 2021. Deterrence and responses to irresponsible State behaviour Australia does not tolerate activities in cyberspace that are detrimental to international peace and stability or that are contrary to the framework, which has been agreed by all States Members of the United Nations. Australia encourages the global community to shine a light on malicious cyberactivity and hold the actors responsible to account. Australia has a policy of publicly attributing malicious cyberactivity when the source is known and when it is in our interests to do so. This policy is not directed at any one country. To date, Australia has publicly attributed malicious cyberactivity on 13 occasions. Most recently, on 10 May 2022, Australia joined the United States 22-08761 5/34