24 • Overview Of Existing Confidence Building Measures As Applied To Cyberspace Global Forum on Cyber Expertise Joint Elements from E.U.-U.S. Cyber Dialogue, 23 December 201627 • Global Forum on Cyber Expertise Overview Of Existing Confidence Building Measures As Applied To Cyberspace Bibliography “Both the European Union and the United States shared information on recent developments to bolster cybersecurity and resilience efforts on both sides of the Atlantic. They elaborated on the European Union’s Network Information Security directive to be implemented across Member States and the conduct of the CyberEurope 2016 exercise. They also discussed the second iteration of the Cybersecurity Framework for voluntary standards, including continued stakeholder engagement and adoption of the VII BRICS Summit, Ufa Declaration, 2015 framework, as well as the new U.S. National Cyber Incident Response Plan and its “severity schema” for http://brics2016.gov.in/upload/files/document/5763c20a72f2d7thDeclarationeng.pdf planning and preparedness purposes. The two sides agreed to continue to share information about these and other efforts on an on-going basis and coordinate on such efforts.” • First U.S.-China High-Level Joint Dialogue on Cybercrime and Related Issues Summary of Outcomes28 Australian international cybersecurity strategy, 2018 https://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/cyber-affairs/aices/chapters/part_4_international_ security_and_cyberspace.html Building Confidence in the Cybersphere: A Path to Multilateral Progress, Theresa Hitchens and Nancy W. • “Hotline Mechanism. Pursuant to the commitment between the two presidents to establish a hotline for Gallagher, 2018 https://www.cissm.umd.edu/sites/default/files/Building%20Confidence%20in%20 escalation of issues that may arise in the course of responding to cybercrime and other malicious cyber the%20Cybersphere%20-%20final%20version%20-%20070918.pdf activities, both sides decided to develop the scope, goals and procedures for use of the hotline before the next High-Level Dialogue.” • Joint Statement of the U.S.-Japan Cyber Defense Policy Working Group29 Confidence Building Measures and International Cyber Security, Daniel Stauffacher, 2013 https://ict4peace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/processbrief_2013_cbm_wt-71.pdf Confidence-Building Measures in Cyberspace A Multistakeholder Approach for Stability And Security, • “[I]n the event of a serious cyber incident that threatens the security of either of our nations, including if Atlantic Council, 2014 such a cyber incident occurs as a part of an armed attack against Japan, the MOD and DOD will consult http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Cyberspace.pdf closely and take appropriate co-operative actions. In particular, the DOD will consult with the MOD and support Japan via all available channels, as appropriate.” • Australian international cybersecurity strategy30 Confidence Building for Cybersecurity between China and the United States, Dong Qingling, 2014 http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-09/23/content_7254470.html Confidence Building Measures for the Cyber Domain, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Erica D. Borghard and • “Australia is committed to taking practical action to support Shawn W. Lonergan, 2018 international peace and security. Confidence building measures https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-12_Issue-3/Borghard-Lonergan.pdf foster trust between states to prevent misunderstandings that could lead to conflict. They include transparency measures, risk CyberNorms Index, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace reduction measures and co-operative measures. https://carnegieendowment.org/publications/interactive/cybernorms Confidence building measures are one of the most important tools in our diplomatic toolkit. Cybersecurity Tech Accord: “Promoting international peace and stability by building trust between states in Australia is committed to implementing these measures to cyberspace: The importance of effective confidence-building measures” maintain a peaceful and stable online environment”. https://cybertechaccord.org/uploads/prod/2019/04/FINALOASWP.pdf Cybil portal 27 https://web.archive.org/web/20170113041119/https:/www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/12/265970.html 28 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/first-us-china-high-level-joint-dialogue-cybercrime-and-related-issues-summary-outcomes-0 29 http://www.mod.go.jp/j/press/news/2015/05/30a_1.pdf 30 https://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/cyber-affairs/aices/chapters/part_4_international_security_and_cyberspace.html https://cybilportal.org/ 25