Scope and definition 2.9. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) states that operational EMA should comprise of electromagnetic operations (EMO), which are defined as: all operations that shape or exploit the electromagnetic environment, or use it for attack or defence including the use of the electromagnetic environment to support operations in all other operational environments.18 This definition does not include all enabling activities and therefore EMO must not be considered interchangeable with EMA. Section 3 – Command considerations 2.10. There are several command considerations applicable across the entirety of CEMA. Coordination is the activity CEMA actors undertake, whereas operational imperative, agility, execution, redundancy and resilience are the ethos which guide them. 2 a. Operational imperative. This is the key principle upon which all others depend. As CEMA activities are not yet sufficiently established, all actors must be informed of, understand and be focused on delivering the commander’s intent. b. Agility. Both cyberspace and the EME are being contested by the adversary. Therefore the ability to flex resource, effort and processes as required is critical. c. Coordination. This must be conducted at the highest level and filter down to all force elements and coalition partners. d. Execution. CEMA will be integrated with the wider military under the full spectrum approach. This means CEMA battlespace execution is likely to require a command and control approach emphasising centralised control but decentralised execution, where execution authority is delegated to the point of best understanding for decision-making. 18 NATOTerm. JDN 1/18 17