Development and functional relationship Section 4 – Development summary 3.9. Organisations and structures that define information operations, cyber operations and electronic warfare have evolved to fit a changing technological world. These actions and operations use cyberspace and the EME to operate across the five domains and co-exist in CEMA littoral areas.40 3.10. The mainstay of CEMA is the synchronisation and coordination of, and with, activities both internal and external to CEMA.41 CEMA depends on technical and procedural interoperability using standardised interfaces, protocols and approaches. This ensures information exchange across joint forces, coalition, government and industry partners, which in turn improves integration and fosters adaptability. 3 3.11. Cyber and signals intelligence. Cyber operations and signals intelligence (SIGINT) are predominately reliant on the same infrastructure, organisations, access to personnel training and skill-sets. However, they must also be seen as complementary, and not competing capabilities. The key difference between cyber and SIGINT is the intent and effect of the two. 3.12. Information bearer. The EMS can be used indirectly as a bearer of information, or directly as a means of creating an effect. As a bearer of information, be that voice communications or digital-based information systems, this is an example of where EMA and cyber share a littoral. Responsibilities within this function include security and resilience and this is where the overlap with cyber is greatest. Defensive cyber operations are an integral and non-discretionary component of network operations and security resilience. 3.13. Coordination and synchronisation of activities external to CEMA. Information operations and activities are not included within CEMA but elements are closely associated with the CEMA cyber capability. There is a large amount of overlap with the key distinguishing feature between the 40 JCN 1/17, Future Force Concept, paragraph 3.1 lists the domains as air, land, maritime, space and cyber. 41 This is illustrated in Figures 2.1 and 2.2 in Chapter 2. 34 JDN 1/18