Development and functional relationships two areas being the scope of the operating environment. Whilst cyber operations take place in, and through, cyberspace, information operations can also use other means. 3.14. Centralised control, decentralised execution. CEMA battlespace execution will require a command and control approach that emphasises centralised control but decentralised execution. As well as integrating our own offensive actions, we must be able to mitigate the threat from adversaries’ cyber or electromagnetic weapons while preventing negative impact to, and from, friendly or neutral systems. 3.15. Development challenges for Defence. The CEMA evolution required by Defence roles and responsibilities presents a change which needs support through all Defence lines of development. It also requires each of us to change, cognitively and behaviourly, so that CEMA becomes routine. This cannot be achieved wholly through training but comes from embracing change. It should be noted that human factors present the biggest impact to CEMA in terms of enabling or threatening its success. 3 3.16. Training and education. To prevent CEMA remaining the preserve of technically capable and interested individuals a programme of training and education is key to the successful integration of CEMA if it is to be ingrained in routine.42 Training and education are key to ingraining CEMA 42 The 1* CEMA Training Group is co-chaired by the Head Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance and Cyber Joint User and the Commander Joint CEMA Group. JDN 1/18 35