Development and functional relationship i. Whole Force management. Whole Force by Design26 refreshes the Whole Force concept and must guide Whole Force management. The Whole Force must comprise generalists and specialists and take into consideration their development and collaboration requirements. These specialists may come from partners across government. Stove-piping branch and trades should be avoided to allow the successful implementation of the CEMA concept. ii. General education. Education must focus on how our operations leverage CEMA and essential operations security practices.27 We must provide continuous and developing education opportunities for all personnel to ensure that CEMA is understood and in line with techological advances. 3 iii. CEMA training. Where possible training should be developed and delivered across the Whole Force rather than single Services or branches. Specialist training should be balanced against current needs and needs identified during force development. Aspects of CEMA training will be mandated by partners across government. 28 iv. Exercises. CEMA serials must be woven into the normal training programme and not seen as an add on. Exercises must be realistic and robustly test our Armed Forces’ defensive and offensive capabilities. We must capably deal with degraded and denied cyberspace and electromagnetic environment (EME) operations, adapting quickly to reversionary war modes. Realistic training must include security against third parties collecting cyber or EME data on our forces and the challenges of electronic warfare or offensive cyber systems degrading civil systems. This will act as a driver for synthetic cyber and EME training systems. 29 26 Whole Force by Design was conceived with National Security Council Review outcomes in mind, particularly Joint Force 2025 in accordance with the principle of achieving the most cost effective balance between regular and reserve forces, Ministry of Defence civilians and contractors. 27 JCN 1/17, page 22. 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid. 28 JDN 1/18