improvement to global ICT security. The value of South–South, South–North, triangular, and regionally focused cooperation was also recalled. 58. States concluded that capacity-building should contribute to transforming the digital divide into digital opportunities. In particular, it should be aimed at facilitating genuine involvement of developing countries in relevant discussions and fora and strengthening the resilience of developing countries in the ICT environment. 59. States concluded that capacity-building can help to foster an understanding of and address the systemic and other risks arising from a lack of ICT security, insufficient coordination between technical and policy capacities at the national level, and the related challenges of inequalities and digital divides. Capacity-building aimed at enabling States to identify and protect national critical infrastructure and to cooperatively safeguard critical information infrastructure was deemed to be of particular importance. Capacity-building may also help States to deepen their understanding of how international law applies. Information sharing and coordination at the national, regional and international levels can make capacity-building activities more effective, strategic and aligned to national priorities. 60. In addition to technical skills, institution-building and cooperative mechanisms, States concluded that there is a pressing need for building expertise across a range of diplomatic, legal, policy, legislative and regulatory areas. In this context, the importance of developing diplomatic capacities to engage in international and intergovernmental processes was highlighted. 61. States recalled the need for a concrete, action-oriented approach to capacity-building. States concluded that such concrete measures could include support at both the policy and technical levels such as the development of national cyber security strategies, providing access to relevant technologies, support to Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) or Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) and establishing specialized training and tailored curricula including “training the trainer” programmes and professional certification. The benefits of establishing platforms for information exchange including legal and administrative good practices was recognized, as were the valuable contributions of other relevant stakeholders to capacity-building activities. 62. States concluded that taking stock of national efforts with regard to the conclusions and recommendations in this report, as well as the assessments and recommendations Member States agreed to be guided by consensus resolution 70/237, is a valuable exercise to identify progress and where further capacity-building is needed. The OEWG recommends that 63. States be guided by the principles contained in paragraph 56 in their ICT-related capacitybuilding efforts in the field of international security, and other actors be encouraged to take these principles into consideration in their own capacity-building activities. 64. States, on a voluntary basis, continue to inform the Secretary-General of their views and assessments on Developments in the field of ICTs in the context of international security and to include additional information on lessons learned and good practice related to capacity-building programmes and initiatives. 65. States, on a voluntary basis, use the model “National Survey of Implementation of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 70/237” (to be made available online) to help them do so. Member States may also wish to use the model survey, on a voluntary basis, to structure their abovementioned submissions informing the Secretary-General of their views and assessments. 66. States and other actors in a position to offer financial, in-kind or technical assistance for capacity-building be encouraged to do so. Further promotion of coordination and resourcing of 9