LAWS OF BRUNEI 10 CAP. 196 Electronic Transactions 2008 Ed. (b) detecting error or alteration in the communication, content or storage of an electronic record since a specific point in time, which may require the use of algorithms or codes, identifying words or numbers, encryption, answerback or acknowledgement procedures, or similar security devices; “signed” or “signature” includes any symbol executed or adopted, or any methodology or procedure employed or adopted, by a person with the intention of authenticating a record, including electronic or digital methods; “subscriber” means a person who is the subject named or identified in a certificate issued to him and who holds a private key that corresponds to a public key listed in that certificate; “suspend a certificate” means to temporarily suspend the operational period of a certificate from a specified time; “transaction” includes a transaction of a non-commercial nature; “trustworthy system” means computer hardware, software and procedures that — (a) are reasonably secure from intrusion and misuse; (b) provide a reasonable level of availability, reliability and correct operation; (c) are reasonably suited to performing their intended functions; and (d) adhere to generally accepted security procedures; “valid certificate” means a certificate that a certification authority has issued and which the subscriber listed in it has accepted; “verify a digital signature”, in relation to a given digital signature, record and public key, means to determine accurately — (a) that the digital signature was created using the private key corresponding to the public key listed in the certificate; and