Background The last three decades have seen an increased proliferation in the number of Internet and smart phones users and uses in business, commerce, government services, education, knowledge, entertainment, tourism, health care and other economic, social and cultural activities. Alongside the opportunities brought about by the continuous growth in the telecommunications and Internet usage and the proliferation of etransactions and e-services, it is important to face the threats and challenges that target the ICT infrastructure and e-transactions in general, and undermine confidence and trust in e-services and e-business, in particular. The Most Significant Cyber Challenges and Threats are: Threat of Cyber Terrorism and Cyberwarfare 4 Threat of Penetrating and Sabotaging ICT Infrastructure Recently, dangerous types of cyberattacks and cybercrimes have spread, using advanced technologies, such as cloud computing, wiretapping and network intrusion devices, advanced encryption, and automated hacking tools targeting computer systems and databases. In addition, advanced malicious software (malware) may be deployed to undermine networks security systems and compromise computer systems to form botnets, that can be used later on in a variety of criminal and illegal activities. An automated botnet may consist of tens, hundreds of thousands or millions of compromised computers that can be used to launch serious cyberattacks, such as Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks, on targeted networks and websites for destructive, terrorism, and/or extortion purposes. New types of extremely serious cyberattacks have recently emerged, aimed at disrupting critical services, and deploying malware and viruses to destroy or disrupt the ICT infrastructure and critical industrial control systems, especially in key facilities, including entities of nuclear power, oil, natural gas, electricity, aviation, various forms of transportation, key national databases, government services, health care, and emergency aid services. Such cyberattacks deploy several channels including wireless networks and mobile memory, and other common channels such as e-mails, websites, social media and telecommunications networks, which may have a significant impact on the utilization of the critical infrastructure and the associated services and businesses. In practice, critical facilities may be vulnerable to advanced cyberattacks, even if they are not directly connected to the Internet. The development of complex and sophisticated computer viruses often requires advanced knowledge levels and unconventional expertise, available only in technologically advanced countries, to be used for strategic, tactical, and warfare purposes, to be used in addition to, or sometimes instead of, conventional military attacks, in what is known as cyberwarfare. However, such malicious technologies are being transferred, copied or reproduced by terrorist organizations and international crime gangs, to be used in terrorist operations and organized crimes, as well as in threatening and disrupting the ICT infrastructures for extortion and/or industrial espionage purposes. Leading cybersecurity experts expect an increased proliferation of ferocious and sophisticated cyberattacks in the coming period. 5