The persistent lack of replacement level fertility in Poland, the changing age structure of the society, including a significant increase in the number of elderly people, presents a growing challenge for public finances, in particular in terms of meeting the needs arising under the pension system as well as health and institutional care. As regards health care system it is of key importance to counteract the effects of civilization diseases, to eliminate social inequalities in access to health care and to increase health awareness of the population. A major problem is the growing deficit of medical personnel and the concurrent increasing demand for health services. Simultaneously, people expect an easy access to modern methods of diagnosis and treatment. Globalisation and unlimited possibilities to travel fast around the world pose a number of threats to health and life of the people, including Polish citizens. The sources of the above-mentioned threats may be, among others, drug-resistant bacteria and viruses, leading to serious negative consequences for health, economic and social consequences, as exemplified by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. The challenge in this area is to ensure an efficient and adequate response on part of the state authorities in the fight against epidemic risks and their aftermath, the appropriate preparation of procedures and the availability of the relevant number of medical staff and protective measures. Another threat to security in the domain of environment protection is the advancing climate change, which may cause dangerous and unprecedented weather anomalies (e.g. prolonged droughts), affecting vast areas of the country, as well as pollution and emissions of harmful substances, including those causing smog. This translates into deterioration of health of the Polish population and may adversely affect food security of the country and the availability of good quality water resources. The challenge is to preserve all the functions of forests as one of the key elements of the ecological security of the state. It is necessary to improve the management of national security (adequately to the contemporarily faced challenges and threats) inter alia by integrating a number of dispersed solutions functioning next to each other. Presently it is difficult to provide a flexible and swift response to emerging situations. Hence, coherent and comprehensive organisational and legal solutions need to be devised in this area, aimed at creating an integrated national security management system. Poland is taking advantage of the opportunities to strengthen its national security and boost the development of the state. The economic policy which the country pursues fosters the development of entre9