Centralised management of cyberspace-related crises helps maintain full understanding of the threat situation and frees up available resources more quickly, efficiently, coherently and completely. 2. Anticipation: The specific nature of cyberspace and the players involved requires anticipation mechanisms in specialised organisations to guide State Action in crisis situations, where the private sector should also get involved. Anticipation prioritises preventive actions over reactions. Effective systems, with shared information as close as possible to real time, grant appropriate knowledge of the situation. This factor is essential to minimise response times which can be critical to reduce the effects of threats 3. Eficiency: Cybersecurity requires the use of high-value, multi-offer systems featuring a high level of technology, that are associated with very demanding needs and high costs derived from their development, purchase and operation, plus the need for advance planning and the high complexity of sustaining it. Furthermore, current and future scenarios are affected by economic austerity that, along with social responsibility to squeeze maximum performance from available resources, means that Spain should focus on optimisation and efficiency of resources devoted to cybersecurity, increasing the importance of the action unit, sharing information and integrating these resources for maximum efficiency. 4. Resilience: Resilience is a fundamental feature for systems and critical infrastructures. The State must ensure availability of elements considered to be essential for the nation, improving their protection against cyberthreats. A special mention should be given to the reinforcement required for information and communication networks against cyberthreat activities or illicit use of cyberspace. Prime Minister’s Office National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 31