Threats and challenges in cyberspace This chapter examines the main threats and challenges that Spain faces in cyberspace. Promoting a secure, reliable environment is a task that should work from knowledge and understanding of the challenges and threats, including new and emerging aspects, that affect cyberspace. The 2017 National Security Strategy differentiates between cyberthreats and actions that use cyberspace as a medium for malicious or illicit activities. Cyberthreats C yberthreats are malicious disruptions or manipulations that affect technological elements. They encompass a wide range of actions. Cyberthreats are characterised by their diversity in terms of both capacity and motivation. They affect practically all fields of National Security, such as National Defence, economic Prime Minister’s Office National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 23