Governing principles The sustainability of the global internet is dependent on a proper balance between openness, security, robustness and freedom. International cooperation is key in this regard. Norway’s aim is that cyberspace should promote innovation and international trade, support global stability and security, and safeguard democratic values and universal human rights. This objective is pursued in collaboration with other countries and international organisations, as well as non-governmental partners such as academic institutions, technical research centres, businesses and civil society. Cyberspace is influencing all spheres of society. The Government is therefore giving priority to close coordination between relevant official bodies that represent Norway in arenas for the formulation and development of international cyberspace policy. Openness The success of the internet can be traced to its interoperability, open access and consensus-based international standards. It is vital that both public and private internet administrators keep abreast of developments and the latest innovations. Public regulatory intervention must safeguard continued openness, and not restrict innovation and creativity on the part of developers, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders. Security Norway will protect its digital networks, and work with other countries to provide a secure cyberspace that promotes confidence in public authorities, businesses and individuals. Cyberspace security demands a proper balance between what can be done and what should be done to reduce society’s vulnerability. Robustness The network of networks that comprises the internet crosses geographical boundaries. Global development is dependent on the stability of and confidence in digital networks. Network security is not solely a technical issue. It is important to clarify the allocation of responsibility between the authorities and the private sector. International agreement is required on respect for technical infrastructure in both peacetime and conflict. End users must be held responsible for the safe handling and operation of their digital devices. Freedom Democratic values and individual rights must also be safeguarded while protecting digital security interests. Universal human rights also apply online. It is important that human rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion enjoy the same protection in cyberspace as elsewhere. 6