referrals, they should be transparent about, and accountable for, such referrals. Other actions could include: - Facilitating understanding of practical interpretations for common definitions of terrorist-related or terrorist-inspired content", or similar. Directing resources to public-private pilot initiatives aimed at ensuring public safety and security while also protecting the privacy of users. For instance, in the area of surveillance, this could include testing the application of public health logic surveillance models for the detection of at-risk factors or dangerous/risky uses of the internet and ICT. Where counter-narratives/ counter-messaging are concerned, public and private actors should use the opportunity of S/PRST/6 - which tasks the CTC to develop a ‘comprehensive international framework’ - to ensure that said framework is also centred on building trust, is anchored in international norms and standards, and developed with the participation of those most affected by current trends.16 Concerning emerging threats relating to potential use by terrorists of the internet or broader cyberspace for disruptive or destructive attacks against, for instance, critical infrastructure, actions should be oriented to promoting awareness and understanding of the policy work already underway by governments and experts regarding the protection of critical infrastructure 17 or on the applicability of existing international law to ‘cyber terrorism’,18 as well as other initiatives by the OSCE, the Freedom Online Coalition (FOC), and through multi-stakeholder fora. 3.3 Strengthen coordination between different inter-governmental initiatives Numerous inter-governmental organisations are embarking on initiatives aimed at responding to online terrorist or violent extremist content and activity involving collaboration with technology, social media and telecommunications companies. Some form of informal coordination among these organisations and between them and companies would help avoid overlap, and help ensure more effective use of resources on all sides. 3.4 Strengthen the Links Between Offline Prevention Efforts and Online Content Management and Counter-Narrative Efforts The UN Secretary-General’s Plan of Action on Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE) strategy – which builds on the earlier UN GA Counter-Terrorism Strategy - provides a strong basis upon which to strengthen these links. Moreover, the Action Plan and subsequent report provide detailed guidance for addressing the connection between the off-line and online worlds, notably through its three pillars which address drivers of violent 16 Threats to Interational Peace and Security Posed by Terrorist Acts. S/PRST/2016/6 of May 2016. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PRST/2016/6 17 See for example, the work of the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications, which includes a number of recommendations relating to protection of critical infrastructure. The Group does not focus on terrorism but rather, state use of ICT. National level efforts to protect critical infrastructure generally apply to protecting CI from all nature of threats. See: https://www.un.org/disarmament/topics/informationsecurity/ 18 Cybersecurity, Terrorism and International Law. Study Group Final Report. July 2016. Available at: http://www.ilahq.org/en/committees/study_groups.cfm/cid/1050 10