Ensuring Canada’s safety and prosperity online relies on robust cyber security. Advances in digital technologies have enriched our lives and provided enormous benefits to society. Unfortunately, the same innovations that have brought us so many benefits have also exposed us to risks that threaten not only our digital infrastructure, but also the critical services on which we rely. Today, it is abundantly clear that to safely advance Canada’s digital and clean economy, to protect our democracy and our day-to-day livelihoods, and to ensure our future economic prosperity, cyber security must be a fundamental building block of our country’s national security, economic security, and public safety. Canada’s 2018 National Cyber Security Strategy1 established the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security2 (Cyber Centre) based within the Communications Security Establishment Canada3 (CSE), and the National Cybercrime Coordination Centre4 (NC3) under the stewardship of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police5 (RCMP). These foundational changes have provided Canadians with consolidated support in responding to cyber incidents and investigations into cybercrime. Despite these gains, the cyber threats facing Canada continue to evolve and grow. Canada must do more. 1 2 3 4 5 https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ntnl-cbr-scrt-strtg/ntnl-cbr-scrt-strtg-en.pdf https://www.cyber.gc.ca/en https://www.cse-cst.gc.ca/en https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/nc3 https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ 6 National Cyber Security Strategy