The Government of Canada is also investing in securing the data of Canadians by modernizing its cryptographic systems and implementing quantum-safe technologies. Canada’s National Quantum Strategy40 will help ensure the privacy and cyber security of Canadians through support for research and talent development, as well as a national secure quantum communications network and a post-quantum cryptography initiative. Building on this, the Government of Canada will develop a cryptography action plan to guide further efforts, helping to better secure communications and promote cryptographic research. The newly funded Cybersecurity Attribution Data Centre (CADC) at the Canadian Institute of Cybersecurity (CIC)41 at the University of New Brunswick (UNB)42 is an excellent example of how partnerships with academia can increase Canada’s research and innovation capabilities while contributing to our national and economic security. However, defending against cyber threats requires more than just technological research. We also need to understand cyber threats in their broader criminal and economic contexts so that we can find ways to undercut the incentives that drive cyber criminals. This will require collaboration with civil society and academia to foster the research needed to inform policy. 40 https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/national-quantum-strategy/en/canadas-national-quantum-strategy 41 https://www.unb.ca/cic/ 42 https://www.unb.ca/ National Cyber Security Strategy 23