botnet infections, considering widening enforcement powers to include seeking information on care and protection matters, considering whether we need an offence of unlawful possession of stolen data, reviewing the crimes involving computers provisions in the Crimes Act and the role of the Internet in funding or supporting organised criminal or terrorist groups. Elements of New Zealand’s policy and legal frameworks will be tested to see whether they need amendment to permit further preventative operational activity. Covert work currently plays an important role in investigating and preventing the online exploitation of children. Many criminal networks online rely on trust and confidence to operate so there may be opportunities to enhance a proactive approach to preventing cybercrime or responding to offenders. MEETING TRANS-BOUNDARY CHALLENGES Most cybercrime is perpetrated from outside New Zealand. Criminals exploit the differences between countries and evidence relating to a criminal act may sit in multiple locations. The government will work with partners (including multinational companies) to meet the challenges raised by extraterritorial jurisdiction. Cybercrime often means that law enforcement needs to operate swiftly across many jurisdictions and to access information under many different legal and political regimes. This challenges our traditional notions of sovereignty and jurisdiction – and the issue will not be resolved by one state alone. Exploring accession to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime is an important first step, as is working with companies to ensure that law enforcement and security agencies have lawful access to data. 12 National Plan to Address Cybercrime 2015