and procedural law. Optional modules for advanced knowledge on cybercrime and electronic evidence should be offered. In-service training 3.25 In-service training institutions should offer at least one basic level module on cybercrime and electronic evidence in order to impart basic knowledge to criminal justice actors who had no such training in their initial training. Training materials 3.26 The Group has had very much in mind the need to avoid wasteful duplication of effort. There would be such duplication were every country or every training institution to develop its own materials. Training materials need to be developed which reflect common international standards and good practice. While criminal justice actors need to be trained in the application of local national legislation, it is nevertheless possible to develop standardised training materials in a way that leaves sufficient room to take into account local national systems and legislation. Funding to develop training materials, including where appropriate on-line courses, would be a good use of resources. This work need not be done ‘from scratch’: materials already in use could be evaluated and built upon. 3.27 The aim should be to develop standardised courses or modules that could be replicated on a broad scale and designed to allow criminal justice actors to progress from basic to advanced levels as their professional duties so required. Trainers would need to be trained in the delivery of such courses to the point that training can be delivered by local trainers with only limited need for international trainers. Adequate systems for the monitoring and evaluation of training should be in place, as part of a strategy for continuing education and professional development, to ensure that the training delivered is effective, relevant and of benefit and value to the recipients. 3.28 The Group believes that there would be value in enabling some criminal justice actors to be trained by institutions offering such courses in other Commonwealth countries both at the basic and advanced level. 3.29 The possibility should be explored of establishing within the Commonwealth one or more centres of excellence addressing cybercrime issues. In addition to carrying out basic and advanced training on cybercrime and electronic evidence such a centre could test and further develop standardised courses and materials, disseminate good practices, carry out research on training, maintain a register of trainers, offer training of trainers and provide training to other countries with similar needs. Enhancing knowledge through networking 3.30 In addition to training, peer-to-peer interaction and networking among the target audience, as well as with a range of other stakeholders, will be of crucial importance. Criminal justice actors should make use of existing networks and details of such networks should be made available and accessible. Consideration should be given, perhaps by the CMJA, to the creation of an international network of cybercrime or e-crime judges, as this particular group does not benefit from existing networks. 46