Iceland has established contacts with the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCDCOE)28 while material and resources prepared by the Centre, especially the Tallinn Manual29, have already been utilised. In 2018, Norway will host NATO's highvisibility exercise Trident Juncture30 in which Iceland participates, as the defence of Iceland is an integral part of the exercise. Iceland has excellent HAZMAT response to industrial accidents and has established a wellrespected search and rescue (SAR) system, staffed by volunteers nationwide. In October 2016 the Government of Iceland signed the new MoU on cyber defence cooperation with NATO31. D1.6 COMMUNICATIONS REDUNDANCY This factor reviews a government’s capacity to identify redundancy within digital and nondigital data management and communications systems. Digital redundancy implies a cybersecurity framework in which duplication and failure of any component is safeguarded by frequent and effective backup. Most of these backups will use digital networks that are readily available but are also isolated from mainline systems. Redundancy in communications systems can be achieved by supporting a digital communications network with a radio communications network. Maturity Stage: Formative In the event of a communications disruption, mechanisms are in place to maintain the operational functionality of the national emergency communications network. Current emergency response assets have also been identified. Stakeholders convene to identify gaps and overlaps in emergency response asset communications and authority links. Emergency response assets, priorities and standard operating procedures are mapped and identified in the event of a communications disruption at any node in the emergency response network. Within both the public and the private sectors, TETRA Systems for Mission Critical Communications are deployed. In addition, fibre-optic nodes and cables are shared with the public network. An incident occurred involving the TETRA system in the past, which led to hardening the security of the system. The finance sector also conducts crisis response simulations regularly and emergency drills are tested frequently. 28 https://ccdcoe.org/about-us.html https://ccdcoe.org/tallinn-manual.html 30 https://forsvaret.no/en/exercise-and-operations/exercises/nato-exercise-2018 31 http://www.nicp.nato.int/iceland-signs-new-mou-on-cyber-defence-cooperation/index.html 29 26 | Cybersecurity Capacity Review Iceland, 2017