JI H AD I S T AN D E T H N O - N AT I ON A L I S T T E RRORI S M to communicate with each other – often independently of jihadist groups – across borders, clandestinely and often using electronic encryption. A few of them will in future also allow themselves to be inspired to provide specific support or even to carry out attacks. Trend toward jihadist radicalisation in Europe The trend of jihadist-oriented radicalisation in Europe, particularly among adolescents, will continue. It is unlikely that the reinforced official measures, which have also in Switzerland been adopted in recent years as part of counterterrorism, will be relaxed in the future. However, these measures might be seen by affected individuals as discrimination, thereby reinforcing their perception of themselves as victims and contributing to their radicalisation. Challenges posed by potential jihad returnees Switzerland has for some time been confronted with the issue of individual cases of returning jihadists travellers. It is possible that future returnees will include Swiss citizens or persons with links to Switzerland, who pose a specific threat to Switzerland’s security. It must be assumed that some men and women, who wish to return will bring minors with them. Dealing with traumatised children will pose a particular challenge to the authorities responsible. The question of repatriating jihadist travellers arrested in the conflict area, at least those willing to return, will continue to preoccupy the authorities. Dealing with non-state actors with whom Switzerland has no formal contacts will pose a particular challenge. Migration issues and counter-terrorism Over the next few years, Europe and Switzerland will continue to face challenges due to migration issues despite increasingly restrictive migration policies. Future asylum seekers may include individuals who have been engaged in jihadists activities. Even after fleeing to Europe, some of them might maintain their jihadist ideological convictions and accordingly be motivated to convene with like-minded people, to form cells and networks or even to carry out attacks. Furthermore, after their arrival individual asylum seekers may, as a result of disorientation and dissatisfying future prospects, become violently radicalised or become receptive to jihadist ideas. 44 S I T UAT I O N R E PORT 2 0 1 9 | F I S