International law The Czech Republic commends the work of the UN GGE regarding the application of international law to the use of ICT´s and welcomes both multilateral, including those in the OEWG, as well as national efforts towards that end. The Czech Republic is opposed to negotiating a new legal instrument for two principal reasons. First, as stated by the GGE and many of my colleagues here, existing international law applies to cyberspace in its entirety. Indeed, existing international law provides us with all the necessary tools to prevent actual conflicts in cyber domain. The issue at stake is not a gap in existing law, but compliance with existing law and reaching a common understanding on how to apply the law to today’s environment. Second, the Czech Republic opposes negotiating a new legal instrument, because the developments in ICTs are so rapid and dynamic as to render any potential result of such effort obsolete, perhaps even before we all ratify the outcome. Instead, the Czech Republic prefers an achieving a robust consensus on a dynamic application of international law which will be able to adapt to new developments. For obvious historical reasons, none of the existing international law instruments explicitly refer to cyber issues. However, this does not mean these instruments somehow cannot be applied to cyberspace. On the contrary, in its advisory opinion of 1971 the International Court of Justice found that an international instrument has to be interpreted and applied within the framework of the entire legal system prevailing at the time of the interpretation. This concept of dynamic, or evolutionary interpretation is also implied in Article 31(3)b of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. With that perspective, the Czech Republic would like to highlight its views regarding the applicability of international law in three priority areas: sovereignty, human rights, and international humanitarian law. National Sovereignty over ICTs First, the Czech Republic recalls that the principles of sovereignty and sovereign equality of States are cornerstones of the UN Charter and thus concurs with the conclusion contained in the report of the UN GGE that in their use of ICT´s States are obliged to observe principles of international law, including the principle of sovereignty. The Czech Republic concurs with