cybercrime, particularly through its provisions on mutual legal assistance and establishing a 24/7 Network for Parties to assist investigations and secure electronic evidence efficiently. It works alongside and complements Australia’s existing mechanisms for mutual legal assistance and law enforcement cooperation. Australia is actively engaged and at the forefront of efforts to combat cybercrime. For example, Australia participates in the development of a 2nd Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention with the aim to supplement existing articles in the Budapest Convention itself and enhance international crime cooperation on cybercrime and electronic evidence gathering. Australia takes a constructive approach to UN work in Vienna to address cybercrime. In 2019 Australia and Mexico initiated and drove a resolution at the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) on Countering child sexual exploitation and sexual abuse online. This resolution highlights the scale and changing nature of the threat posed by online child sexual exploitation and abuse. It calls for the criminalisation of child sexual exploitation and abuse online, and encourages improved cooperation between countries. The resolution acknowledges the importance of existing legal instruments, which require states to criminalise child sexual abuse and exploitation, and instruments which enable international cooperation to address these crimes. By doing so, the resolution acknowledges the importance of instruments like the Budapest Convention, which play this role. Australia also contributes to the UN Open-Ended Intergovernmental Expert Group on Cybercrime (IEG), formed under the CCPCJ in Vienna. The IEG is an expert-level group, with a mandate to conduct a comprehensive study of the problem of cybercrime and responses to it by Member States, the international community and the private sector. The current work-plan of the IEG will cover discussions on legislation & frameworks for criminalisation, law enforcement & electronic evidence, international cooperation and prevention, with a stocktaking meeting in 2021 to discuss future work. The IEG and CCPCJ’s useful work demonstrates the benefit of expert forums in Vienna. Australia cooperates closely with other countries in our region to strengthen capacity to address cybercrime. A key pillar of Australia’s Cyber Cooperation Program is working with countries in the Indo-Pacific to improve cybercrime prevention, prosecution and international cooperation: specifically to strengthen legislative frameworks and institutional capacity to prevent, investigate and prosecute cybercrime. This includes (but is not limited to) projects partnering with Pacific Island Law Officer Network (PILON), the Australia Federal Police Cyber Safety Pasifika Program, the Jakarta Centre for www.dfat.gov.au/cyberaffairs esafety.gov.au/parents