objectives for cyber defence capability development and assess implementation of the commitments. The Commission is supporting and co-financing full-spectrum cyber defence capability development and research, including for active defence capabilities, through the European Defence Fund (EDF). The Commission has already increased investments in cyber defence through the EDF, which should lead to the development of European common and/or interoperable tools for cyberspace operations and incident management, information warfare defensive operations and preventive measures, and improved resilience of CIS systems. It targets areas such as cyber situational awareness, real-time threat hunting and responsive operation capabilities, cyber operation capabilities and cyber trainings and exercises42. To ensure that Member States are able to conduct joint cyber-operations, responsive operations and cyber operations capabilities will be supported under the EDF in upcoming years. Finally, Member States are encouraged to actively engage in the different cooperative frameworks and use all instruments set up at EU level, including the EDA Project Team Cyber Defence43. The ongoing revision of the 2018 EU Capability Development Priorities44 represents a timely opportunity to define updated priorities for cooperative and collaborative development, in turn enabling such an increase in cooperative capability development. The review of the cyber defence specific priority should take into account the outcome of the 2022 CARD, as well as the findings of the Gaps Analysis presented to Member States in May 2022. Subsequently, the CARD will offer a regular framework to review progress on the implementation of this updated priority at national level, and explore new emerging options for collaborative development of cyber defence capabilities with Member States. The updated EU Capability Development Priorities will serve as key reference for PESCO projects on cyber defence. In this regard, based on the tasking from the EU Military Committee, the EU Military Staff will develop the Cyber domain operations implementation plan in close coordination with Member States to provide an overview of the state of play of the implementation of cyber defence capabilities as well as to provide support to Member States to better align their efforts and activities. These efforts are based on the EU Concept on Cyber Defence for EU-led military Operations and Missions echoing the priority settings of the Capability Development Plan (CDP). Enhancing research efforts on key technologies for cyber defence Sustaining state-of-the-art cyber defence capabilities requires staying abreast of technological developments and their applications in defence-related systems, in particular of emerging and disruptive technologies (EDTs, e.g. AI, encryption and quantum computing) 45. In particular, the EU needs to invest in post-quantum cryptography to ensure that its defence systems remain secure. Given the fast pace of technology, collaborative research and technological development efforts need to be tailored to reach a sufficiently advanced technology readiness 42 Under the European Defence Industrial Development Programme (EDIDP), 6 projects have been funded (PANDORA, DISCRETION, CYBER4DE, ECYSAP, SMOTANET and HERMES) with a budget of 39 million EUR. Under EDF 2021 almost 40 million EUR will be devoted to 3 collaborative cyber defence R&D projects selected for funding (ACTING, AInception, EU-GUARDIAN) 43 The Project Team Cyber Defence provides a forum for Member States to discuss cyber defence matters with military implications. 44 EDA CDP factsheet (28.06.2018): CDP Factsheet 45 As identified in the cyber defence Strategic Research Agenda and in the Overarching Strategic Research Agenda (OSRA) 13