ICT products may contain backdoors or vulnerabilities that make them a source of additional threats. These threats can spread easily and rapidly and it is difficult, if not impossible, to trace the main origin of those threats in time to address them. Such acts can have widespread impacts that can harm a whole population. 14. Other than cyber-warfare technologies, there are evident and real threats related to Digital Identity and Private Data Theft and targeted propaganda campaigns in manners that could go beyond personal losses to harm national economies and jeopardize national security. 15. The task of the OEWG is not to attempt to develop an exhaustive list of all types of existing and emerging technologies that could represent a threat to international peace and security. The actual challenge is to agree on a comprehensive set of binding rules on the uses of such technologies by States (i.e. State behaviour) in a manner that is consistent with the principles of international law and the UN Charter. The implementation of such rules and possible prohibitions should be carried out by utilizing a diversified set of measures at both the national level, through harmonized legislations and policies, and at the international level, through compliance with agreed rules and standards as well as the exchange of information and cooperation. III. International Law: 16. The UNGA has already endorsed the view that international law and the Charter of the United Nations are applicable in the ICTs environment and are essential for this environment to be open, secure, stable, and peaceful. 17. The adherence by States to international law, in particular their Charter obligations, is an essential framework for their actions in their use of ICTs. The principles of sovereignty; sovereign equality; the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; refraining from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and non-intervention in the internal affairs of other States, are cross-cutting and must be complied with in all domains, including cyber-space. 18. It has been also agreed that States have full jurisdiction over the ICT infrastructure located within their territory and that in their use of ICTs, they must observe the agreed principles of international law and the Charter. 19. There are legitimate concerns, however, when it comes to focusing on elements such as the “right to self-defense” under article 51 and the applicability of the rules of engagement in military conflicts in the ICT context, in a manner that may intentionally or unintentionally legitimize or encourage turning the ICT environment into an arena of conflict. An exaggerated focus on these specific aspects and their associated legal controversies and attribution challenges might divert attention from addressing the right questions on how to cooperate to prevent such conflicts from occurring in the first place. Page 3 of 7