- In the UN and elsewhere, we will collaborate with our ally and like-minded countries by actively engaging in the practice of norms in cyberspace, based on our stance that the existing international law applies in cyberspace as well. - Through such activities, we will work to participate in discussion on the application of international law and promote the practice of norms both in Japan and abroad, thereby contributing to Japan’s national security and efforts to increase the deterrence capability for the Japan-US Alliance as a whole. - As for measures against cybercrimes, we will use existing international frameworks such as the Convention on Cybercrime and advance the universalization and enhancement of it. At the same time, we will promote the rule of law in cyberspace and further international collaboration through full involvement in discussion on the formulation of a new convention at the UN. (2) Formulating rules in cyberspace - In the G20 Osaka Leaders’ Declaration, the need to promote Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT) in a digital economy was confirmed, and the importance of trustworthiness in 5G security was mentioned in the Prague Proposals17. These examples show that moves toward international efforts based on collaboration among allies and like-minded countries are advancing. As for efforts to create order in the form of “a free, fair and secure cyberspace” that Japan is pursuing, frameworks based on a multi-stakeholder approach to internet governance such as the Internet Governance Forum are developing as well18. - Meanwhile, in light of the fact that proposals that may be incompatible with the existing order are being put forward, we will continue to deliver Japan’s basic principles to the international community, and actively contribute to the formulation of new international rules in line with them. In addition, we will make every effort to ensure the formulation and implementation of such international rules contribute to the peace and stability of the international community and Japan’s national security. We will work with our ally and like-minded countries, and private organizations to combat efforts aimed at changing international rules in a way that impedes the healthy development of cyberspace. 4. 3. 2 Strengthening capabilities for defense, deterrence, and situational awareness - As the security environment surrounding Japan has become increasingly severe, it is vital to strengthen the capabilities to defend the nation from cyberattacks (defense capabilities), deter cyberattacks (deterrence capabilities), and be aware of the situation in cyberspace (situational awareness capabilities), while fundamentally enhancing the government’s overall ability to respond seamlessly. 17 18 The Prague Proposals refer to the Chairman Statement announced at the Prague 5G Security Conference in May 2019. The G7 Ise-Shima Leaders’ Declaration (May 27, 2016) states, “We commit to promote a multi-stakeholder approach to Internet governance which includes full and active participation by governments, the private sector, civil society, the technical community, and international organizations, among others.” 28