businesses. In these circumstances, the impact will be all the greater for individuals who used to have little involvement with cyberspace but must now inevitably participate in it as a result of the progress of digitalization. Accordingly, entities that use cyberspace to perform operations or provide services are required to act with the reliability of the entire value chain in mind. - “Mission assurance” should continue to be important and promoted. This should be further deepened so that all organizations, as an entity that provides and composes cyberspace, will recognize ensuring the trustworthiness of the entire value chain from the operations and services that they must perform to the end users, as their “mission.” By doing so, Japan will aim to create an environment where the safety and trustworthiness of the various products and services composing cyberspace are ensured, so that users can continue to use them with a sense of trust. (ii) Improving “risk management” efforts - With the increased threat of organized and sophisticated cyberattacks, Japan will cooperate with foreign governments and the private sector on various levels as it works to supplement the “risk management” of individual stakeholders and effectively strengthen efforts further. - Specifically, Japan will actively defend against cyberattacks while making efforts to constantly review anticipated risks and ensuring the possibility of tracking attacks after they occur, in light of the trend of threats. - Cyberspace is used as a key channel for stealing the personal information, information concerning intellectual property, which is a source of international competitiveness, and information related to national security. Given this situation, Japan will strive to ensure the trustworthiness of the technological foundation that composes cyberspace while also dealing with such cyberattacks. (3) Enhancing initiatives from the perspective of Japan’s national security - The environment surrounding Japan’s national security is becoming increasingly harsh, and cyberspace has become an area of interstate competition. Amid these circumstances, the asymmetrical situation with attackers in cyberspace must not be overlooked. - While also having each stakeholder clarify such stance, Japan will strengthen its defense capabilities by securing the nation’s resilience through enhanced capabilities of the SelfDefense Forces and other government institutions. At the same time, Japan will enhance deterrence capabilities to detect, investigate, and analyze cyberattacks so that Japan can identify the attackers and hold them accountable. As for cyber threats, in close coordination with our ally and like-minded countries, Japan will utilize political, economic, technological, legal, diplomatic, and other viable and effective means and capabilities, and take resolute responses. 11