regulates also the use of other trust services which may be applied and guarantee the authenticity and integrity of data in a far wider range of e-transactions, including electronic stamp, electronic delivery, electronic archives, website authentication, cloud signature etc. Namely, there are seven providers of trust services in the Republic of Serbia, although it should be noted that most of them have been issuing qualified electronic signatures and qualified electronic timestamps. The underlying concept of qualified trust services is that the service provider guarantees the authenticity and integrity of individual pieces of data created in various legal affairs and transactions conducted electronically. In electronic transactions, confidence in the authenticity of data is paramount, to minimise the risks of abuse and data integrity breaches, which is why qualified trust services have been introduced and granted the highest level of legal guarantees, based on the high-level technical, security and organisational conditions under which they are provided. As these services currently include mostly electronic signatures and timestamps, it is crucial that new trust services gain traction in practice, especially cloud signatures and qualified electronic delivery services. As of February 2021, more than 650 thousand valid qualified electronic certificates have been issued, with approx. 850 thousand certificates issued in total. For this number to increase, it is necessary on the one hand to popularise the use of certificate, while also enabling the use of an increasing number of services accessible through qualified electronic certificates. It is expected that the use of cloud signatures will boost mass acceptance of signatures, as it facilitates access to services from mobile phones, unlike the previous means of generating electronic signatures, which many users found to demanding to install and use. E-COMMERCE – The legislative framework regulating e-commerce comprises the Law on Commerce (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, number 52/19), the Law on e-Commerce (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 41/09, 95/13 and 52/19) and the Law on Consumer Protection (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 62/14, 6/16- new law, and 44/18 – new law). The new Law on Commerce, passed in 2019, regulates e-commerce in the Republic of Serbia. This Law introduces for the first time the concepts of “e-shop”, whereby a retailer sells its goods directly to the consumer, and “online platform”, which connects sellers with buyers. Furthermore, the Law also recognises for the first time the business model of “dropshipping” (which has been used in practice for quite some time), whereby the goods do not physically reach the retailer and are instead shipped directly from the manufacturer/importer to the consumer. A major legislative novelty is the introduction of the concept of “mystery shopper”, whereby an inspector is authorised, in the event of reasonable suspicion that a retailer is unregistered, to carry out mystery shopping and thus obtain evidence. The Law also provides for the possibility of granting incentives to e-retailers, which is to be regulated in detail by a bylaw passed by the Government, with a view to boosting e-commerce development and combating the shadow economy in the online market. To promote the development of digital economy and eliminate obstacles to e-commerce development in the Republic of Serbia, the Government has passed the e-Commerce Development Programme in the Republic of Serbia for the Period 2019-2020 with the Action Plan. it is the first 30

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