4.4.2 Business models for providing services to end subscribers with NGA parameters There are currently a total of 2308 entities registered for the purpose of providing Internet access services in the Czech Republic35. These entities are primarily private enterprises. To secure their declared objectives, meaning the provision of Internet access services to end users, they use all the relevant business models described in the Guide for Investment. In connection with the selected investment model, therefore, two business models - and potentially their combination - come into consideration, namely:  Active-layer open model (ALOM), where one business entity builds, owns and operates both the passive and active layer. Therefore, this entity acts as the provider of the passive (“physical”) network and also operates the active layer of this network and provides services to end subscribers. This entity places active equipment in all access nodes and builds an open, operator-neutral network over which all service providers can deliver their services to all end users.  Vertically integrated model – this basically differs from the ALOM model by the operator being the business entity, while with the ALOM model this may be an association of business entities. The fundamental difference compared to the ALOM model is the possibility of providing data flow (bitstream) in addition to the services mentioned for the ALOM model. This document does not limit the possibility of use of individual business models or their variants or combination, with the exception of two reservations tied to the exercise of the public aid option for building NGAs. The first reservation is the obligation to provide - within the framework of supported projects - available high-speed Internet access at the quality declared for the NGA for all end users in the area in question. The second obligation is to provide - within the framework of supported projects - wholesale access to such available high-speed Internet access. 35 As of August 2016. 31