4.2 Building up “fundamentals” for dynamic responses It is critical that each country has “fundamentals,” that is, sufficient basic capacity and response mechanisms to respond dynamically to cyber incidents through international cooperation and mutual assistance. Moreover, considering the global nature of cyberspace, raising the cybersecurity standard at the global level and reducing the number of vulnerable nodes in the realm of cyberspace are essential. Such efforts should also have a consequential deterrent effect on malicious activities carried out in cyberspace. 4.2.1 Support for building a global framework for cyber hygiene At the basis of international cooperation for dynamic responses to cyber incident is each country’s national mechanism to detect, analyze and respond to cyber incidents. In addressing the globalization of cyber incidents, such mechanism needs to be developed also at a global level. Drawing on our own experience, Japan will provide support for establishing CSIRTs and developing their operational capacity. Japan will also share information on measures for cleaning bots, detecting malicious sites, dealing with malware, and on information-sharing mechanism for cybersecurity of critical infrastructure. Japan has experience in establishing CSIRTs in a wide range of regions, such as in the Asia Pacific and in Africa. Japan also have experience in establishing CSIRTs for control systems, which have become increasingly important in recent years, Japan will build upon these experiences and expand support. Since 2006, ahead of the rest of the world, Japan has been implementing network-based measures to counter bot virus infections in cooperation with internet service providers (ISPs). Bot infection rates decreased dramatically as a result, and Japanese measures are now recognized as a model among developed countries. Going forward, in cooperation with ISPs, Japan plans to commence a new initiative of building a database which stores information on malicious sites and alerts users attempting to access those sites. Japan will actively share the knowledge obtained through this initiative. Furthermore, Japan will promote measures for bot extermination through multilateral cooperation among CSIRTs. Critical infrastructure systems lie at the basis of our social and economic activities and therefore require a high level of security. In Japan, these systems are built with high security including solid resilience to cyber attacks. Japan will also share these outstanding cybersecurity measures when providing support for building of critical infrastructure systems. When building a framework for cyber hygiene activities, it is important to have indicators by which actual cyber attacks and cybersecurity initiatives in each country can be quantitatively assessed. Japan will actively cooperate and contribute to initiatives by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and other organizations for the formulation and measurement of such indicators. 6