3. Basic Policies 3.1 Incremental fostering of common global understanding Vitality of cyberspace has been enhanced by the diversity of entities which make use of it, such as governments, enterprises and individuals, and co-existence of countries with different cultures and values. For this reason, it is important to build up international cooperation to ensure cybersecurity in a way which recognizes the existence of diverse entities and values in cyberspace, and which maximizes its benefit. Common global understanding needs to be fostered while appreciating diversity. Issues pertaining to cybersecurity vary widely across a broad spectrum, from socio-economic to national security, and from the easily resolved to the more difficult. There is also an infinite variety of entities that can take part and degrees to which a common understanding can be fostered. Therefore, a common understanding needs to be fostered incrementally, wherever feasible, while appreciating the diverse values. All platforms will be utilized in promoting this approach, including bilateral, multilateral and regional frameworks as well as the United Nations (U.N.) meetings. 3.2 Japan’s contribution to the global community Japan has developed the world’s top-level telecommunications infrastructure containing fiber-optic networks and high-speed wireless networks nationwide, which led to increase in the use and application of cyberspace by various entities of all generations. Consequently, Japan has faced serious cybersecurity issues ahead of other countries. At the same time, relevant entities in both public and private sectors have worked in partnership to implement a wide variety of measures to address these issues and have achieved successes. Building on these extensive experience and knowledge as a pioneer in cybersecurity, Japan will contribute to the global efforts to address these challenges more efficiently and effectively. We will actively contribute to capacity building activities at the global level, including support for human resources development and support for establishing incident response mechanisms and information-sharing mechanisms. 3.3 Expansion of the technological frontier at the global level Advanced technology should be employed to the extent possible in order to respond appropriately to the emerging risks and sophistication of cyber attacks. In this regard, Japan has accumulated extensive knowledge and experiences on technical responses to cyber threats, including development of cybersecurity technology and subsequent steps for its practical application. In order to ensure secure use of cyberspace, Japan values steady development of technology, expansion of technological frontier at the global level, and diffusion of the benefits of advanced yet inexpensive technology. While information and communication technology can pose a risk depending on the way it may be used, it is of vital importance that we continue developing, using and applying the technology rather than holding back its development or controlling such technology for fear of its potential abuse. 3