5.3 Other regions In regions such as South America and Africa, the use and application of cyberspace has also rapidly progressed. As a consequence, a number of cybersecurity issues have surfaced including an increase in malware infections and other cyber threats. Japan has extended cooperation to countries in these regions, such as through provision of support for the establishment of CSIRTs. Going forward, Japan will further expand these efforts. 5.4 Multilateral frameworks Efforts for making safe and reliable cyberspace have also been actively pursued in multilateral frameworks. With respect to international rulemaking and capacity building for cybersecurity, active discussions take place at various forums such as the U.N., G8, ARF, OECD, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). With respect to policies for critical infrastructure protection and rapid incident response, global initiatives have also been undertaken at the Meridian and the IWWN (International Watch and Warning Network), which are for government agencies, as well as at such meetings as the FIRST (Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams), the APCERT (Asia Pacific Computer Emergency Response Team), which is a community of CSIRTs from the Asia Pacific region, and follow-up meetings to the London Conference on Cyberspace, each of which is attended by a broad range of entities from both the public and private sectors. In addition, with respect to cybercrimes, efforts are being undertaken to deepen international cooperation in criminal investigations through frameworks such as the ICPO. Japan has actively participated in these forums and will make further contributions to the discussion at all opportunities in order to contribute to building safe and reliable cyberspace. Our enhanced contribution needs to be tangible. In this regard, Japan will actively host international conferences to be held in Japan, including the Meridian in 2014. 11