DECLARATION We recognize the urgent necessity of increased international cooperation to promote security and stability in cyberspace, including on measures aimed at reducing the malicious use of ICTs by State and non-State actors; We are committed to promoting a strategic framework for conflict prevention, cooperation and stability in cyberspace, consisting of the recognition of the applicability of existing international law to State behavior in cyberspace, the promotion of voluntary, non-binding norms of responsible State behavior during peacetime, and the development and the implementation of practical cyber confidence building measures (CBMs) between States; We reaffirm and note with approval the widespread affirmation by other States that international law and, in particular, the United Nations Charter is applicable to the use of ICTs by States. This affirmation is essential to maintaining peace and security and promoting an open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful ICT environment; We also reaffirm that the same rights that people have offline must also be protected online and reaffirm the applicability of international human rights law in cyberspace, including the UN Charter, customary international law and relevant treaties; We reiterate the responsibility of States to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations; We note that, in the interest of conflict prevention and peaceful settlement of disputes, international law also provides a framework for States’ responses to wrongful acts that do not amount to an armed attack - these may include malicious cyber activities. Among other lawful responses, a State that is the victim of an internationally wrongful act may, in certain circumstances, resort to proportionate countermeasures, including measures conducted via ICTs, against the State responsible for the wrongful act in order to cause the responsible State to comply with its international obligations; We note that the customary international law of State responsibility supplies the standards for attributing acts to States, which can be applicable to activities in cyberspace. In this respect, States cannot escape legal responsibility for internationally wrongful cyber acts by perpetrating them through proxies. When attributing an internationally wrongful act to another State, or when taking action in response, a State must act in accordance with international law. In this context, a State assesses the facts and is free to make its own determination in accordance with international law with respect to attribution of a cyber-act to another State; 2