and other related transgressions. The present trend of cyber-attacks and cyber security incidents have been in the rise and increasingly difficult to predict. 4.1.7 Disasters Malaysia is exposed to the dangers and risks of natural disasters such as floods, typhoons, storms, outbreak of infectious diseases and epidemics, earthquakes, tsunami, droughts/El Nino, landslides, haze and the impact of climate change such as increase in sea levels, air and land temperatures as well as those that are human induced. Disasters. These travails are complex and of great magnitude occurring, within or beyond our shores, will adversely impact the lives of the people and inhibit the smooth running of the Government. 4.1.8 Crises Malaysia is vulnerable to various types of crises, both internally and externally, including economic and social crises as well as armed conflict. Such crises have a direct impact on the people which will adversely affect national security. External crises can trigger unmitigated migration to other countries including Malaysia. 4.1.9 Transnational Crime Malaysia’s geographical location sharing vast land borders with its neighbours and positioned along Sea Lines of Communication, namely. the Straits of Melaka and the South China Sea, is vulnerable to transnational crimes such as smuggling (of people, wildlife, jungle products, drugs, goods and arms), human trafficking, piracy, organised crime, cybercrime, money laundering, economic crimes and armed robbery at sea. 4.1.10 Pandemics and Infectious Diseases Global and internal population mobility which has been enhanced and afford rapidity has exposed Malaysians to health concerns. Pandemics and the spread of infectious diseases whether emanating internally or externally can have adverse effects on the nation’s socio-economic wellbeing. Non-infectious medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes. kidney infections, heart diseases and the likes, if left unabated will eventually bankrupt the nation. 4.1.11 Energy Security The world today is facing uncertainties in energy security. Reliance on traditional fossil energy sources is estimated to increase until alternative energy sources that are cleaner and less expensive are utilised extensively. However, at present, a scramble for fossil energy sources may occur, and trigger regional and international conflicts.