Key measures:  prepare a national strategy for cyber security, including an action plan  establish a forum for public-private cooperation to support the national work on cyber security  develop the Information Security Network to ensure that strategic issues related to cyber security in Norway and internationally are discussed and coordinated.  further develop the Norwegian total defence concept and increase resilience of critical societal functions, for instance within robust communication systems. 5.1 Public-private cooperation Neither the authorities, the industry and nor citizens can face the challenges in the cyberspace on their own. The public and private sector have different capacities, knowledge and expertise that can complement each other, despite different business goals. There is already significant public-private cooperation to prevent, detect and manage cyber incidents. Strengthened cooperation between the authorities and the private sector could contribute to better understanding of the situation, better decisions and improved access to more resources that can complement each other. The Government wants to establish a forum for public-private cooperation to support the national work on cyber security. Participants in the forum will be relevant representatives from the authorities, industry and commerce, academia and interest groups. These will primarily be owners or managers of critical infrastructure or societal functions, or key cyber security stakeholders. The forum should be able to propose measures and provide advice to the authorities. In the work on a new national cyber security strategy, the Government wants broad involvement of public and private stakeholders. The public-private cooperation forum will participate in the work on the forthcoming national ICT strategy. 5.2 International cooperation International cooperation is crucial for the development of global guidelines and to reduce and combat threats in cyberspace. Norway has self-interest in having good and predictable guidelines in cyberspace. We also have a fundamental and long-term interest of having a secure, robust, open and free cyberspace. It is therefore important for Norway to be involved in drawing up the international guidelines that form this space. This includes the development of norms for government action, international cooperation to combat cybercrime and international cooperation on enhanced cyber security. However, the evolution of the internet and digital services and product development are primarily being driven by private companies and research and development institutions. In addition, the backbone of the internet, the global digital infrastructure, is mainly privately owned. This contributes to competition, continued innovation and development. At the same time, it means that key decisions about cyberspace are largely being made by commercial and non-state actors outside traditional intergovernmental arenas. This trend indicates a greater need for public-private and international cooperation.