Table of Contents Abbreviations i Executive Summary 1 Nepal in Context 6 State of Digital Adoption in Nepal 13 Digital Nepal Enablers 23 Digital Nepal Framework: 1 – 8 – 80 26 Digital Foundation 41 Agriculture 59 Health 73 Education 84 Energy 97 Tourism 107 Finance 120 Urban Infrastructure 132 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Mapping in Digital Nepal 148 Recommendations 149 1.0 Governance framework for Digital Nepal 149 2.0 The need for a strong M&E framework 151 3.0 Review of policy and regulatory environment 152 3.1 Intellectual Property Rights policy regime 152 3.2 Data protection, security and privacy 152 3.3 Telecommunication and broadband 152 3.4 Digital payments policy and regulations 152 3.5 Private sector participation 153 4.0 Promote Digital inclusion 153 5.0 Future proofing the mission: emerging and disruptive technologies and business models 154 6.0 Mapping digital initiatives to all 3 tiers of government 154 Annexure I: Integrated Action Matrix 155 Annexure II: Constitution of Nepal Mapping 246 Annexure III: ICT Policy Mapping with Digital Nepal Initiatives 261 Annexure IV: Broadband Policy Mapping with Digital Nepal Initiatives 291 Annexure V: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Mapping with Digital Nepal Initiatives 300