4. Human rights cluster ‘The same rights that people have offline must also be protected online’ is the underlying principle for human rights on the Internet. Human rights issues are cross-cutting, affecting other Internet public policy areas. For example, freedom of expression and information is directly related to access to the Internet and net neutrality. Protection of minority rights is influenced by multilingualism and promotion of cultural diversity. Ensuring protection of privacy is important in dealing with cybersecurity. Human rights include various other rights that are relevant but have not been discussed here, such as freedom of association. 4.1 Freedom of expression Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right. With the growing relevance of the Internet, the policy debate on freedom of expression has gained online relevance. The main open issue is how to establish the right interplay (or balance) between Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which grants freedom of expression, and Article 29, which states the limits of freedom of expression for the sake of morality, public order, and general welfare. Status of governance mechanisms for freedom of expression Freedom of expression is protected by global instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 29) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 19), and regional instrument such as the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10) and the American Convention of Human Rights (Article 13). The main governance mechanism for addressing online freedom of expression is the UN Human Rights Council Resolution on Protection of Freedom of Expression on the Internet (2012). NGOs such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and Freedom House have developed numerous mechanisms for discussing and implementing freedom of expression on the Internet. Possible gaps in dealing with freedom of expression The mechanisms analysed appear to indicate the existence of a knowledge gap with regards to data and research on the impact of the technical architecture of the Internet on freedom of expression. For example, freedom of expression is influenced by the degree of anonymity, which in turn depends upon technical features (or solutions). In this context, there may be a policy gap related to the consideration of freedom of expression aspects in the development of technical and web standards. 25